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popular culture

Can be traced back to the Spanish period and was later defined as a culture generated by mass media[cite: 3, 22].

Spanish period

The era when popular culture in the Philippines can be traced back to[cite: 3].

literature and plays

The mediums employed by the Spanish to bring popular culture to native Filipinos and capture their hearts[cite: 4].

colonial origins of popular culture

Emphasized by the fact that the Spanish introduced popular culture to natives to win them over to their ideology[cite: 4, 5, 6].

win the filipino populace

The objective behind introducing popular culture to the Philippines during the Spanish regime[cite: 6].

appropriately-called popular culture

The form of popular culture introduced to the Philippines when the Americans came to colonize[cite: 8].

printing press, radio, television, and film

The mediums that paved the way for the speedy circulation of popular culture forms[cite: 9].

Bienvenido Lumbera

A scholar who stated that popular literature is considered a commodity intended for a mass market[cite: 11].

commodity

How popular literature is viewed, meaning it is intended for a mass market[cite: 11].

threat to serious artistic work

How popular literature was seen because writers favored publishers' desires over aesthetics[cite: 12].

more concerned with sales

The primary focus of publishers and editors, which influenced writers more than aesthetics[cite: 12].

ruling elite or members of a chosen few

The groups responsible for causing or creating popular culture for the consumption of the populace[cite: 14].

not just of the people but of the mass

The definition of popular culture in the Philippines, construed to be urban and industrialized[cite: 21].

culture generated by mass media

What Philippine popular culture is, consisting of film, radio, television, and press[cite: 22].

are still exclusively urban

A characteristic of the mass media forms introduced in the twentieth century[cite: 23].

cultural values

The main concern of literature scholars in the mid-70s regarding how these were transmitted through mass media[cite: 26, 27].

serious literature

Novels, short stories, poems, and plays that were not reaching the majority, prompting scholars to examine popular mass media[cite: 28].

Kenkoy

The first Filipino comic strip, which made its first appearance in 1929[cite: 31].

Antonio Velasquez

The creator of the main character of Kenkoy[cite: 31].

liwayway

A weekly popular magazine that originally used Kenkoy as a filler and is considered the one "true" popular magazine printed in the vernacular[cite: 32, 104].

kulafu

A comic character who roamed the mountains of Luzon, similar to Tarzan[cite: 34].

huapelo

A comic character who is a Chinese store owner[cite: 35].

saryong albularyo

A comic character who is a barrio doctor[cite: 36, 37].

goyo and kikay

The local comic counterparts of Jiggs and Maggie[cite: 46].

dyesebel

A mermaid comic character created by Mars Ravelo[cite: 48].

darna

A Filipino super heroine created by the legendary cartoonist Mars Ravelo[cite: 49].

valentina

The arch enemy of Darna, also created by Mars Ravelo[cite: 50].

petra

A horse-bodied comic character[cite: 51].

karina

A magical agent of good with a flying kariton (pushcart)[cite: 61].

phantomanok

A comic character who is a combination of a phantom and a rooster[cite: 62].

martial law

A period when komiks were used by government agencies to deliver messages about development programs[cite: 63].

Komiks

Cheap and accessible reading materials that serve as a substitute for serious literature and disseminate values and practical knowledge[cite: 64, 68].

Cinematrografo

Short-featured films that were the first to be shown in the Philippines[cite: 69].

Dalagang Bukid

The first full-length feature film shown in 1919[cite: 71].

Jose Nepomuceno

The director of "Dalagang Bukid", the first full-length feature film[cite: 71].

ang aswang

The first talking picture made in the Philippines in 1932 by Musser[cite: 71, 72].

radio

Started in the 1920s by an electrical supply company and later utilized by department stores for advertising[cite: 80, 82].

Bolinao Electronics Corporation

Formed in 1961, it was the largest broadcasting chain in the Philippines[cite: 89].

Alto Broadcasting System

What the Bolinao Electronics Corporation eventually became[cite: 89].

Chronicle Broadcasting Network

The subsequent name of the Alto Broadcasting System[cite: 89].

Kanlaon Broadcasting System

The name the Chronicle Broadcasting Network took after Martial Law[cite: 89].

DZRH

The radio station that launched the first local shows after the Second World War[cite: 90].

satires, comedies, variety shows

The basis of the recipe developed for early Philippine radio programming[cite: 91].

transistor radio

Became a revolution in 1959 by bringing news and pop music into the rural domain[cite: 94, 95].

popular magazine

Early attempts like the Philippine Magazine struggled to reach the masses because they were in English[cite: 101].

Philippine Magazine

The first magazine circulated in the Philippines in 1905, though not yet popular due to the language barrier[cite: 101].

Philippines Free Press

Considered by some as the first magazine; it was printed on cheap newsprint and read by the English-speaking public[cite: 102, 103].

Bisaya

A sister publication of Liwayway for Cebuano Visayan[cite: 105].

Hiligaynon

A sister publication of Liwayway for Ilonggo[cite: 105].

Bannawag

A sister publication of Liwayway for Ilocano[cite: 105].

popular music

Initially American-dominated in the 70s, though forms like kundimans and street songs existed locally[cite: 114, 115].

Pinoy rock 1973

A music genre that emerged featuring a Western rock sound with Pilipino lyrics[cite: 117].

Joey Smith

The artist through whom Pinoy rock emerged in 1973[cite: 117].

Promotion of Diversity and Inclusivity

A positive effect of pop culture that showcases different backgrounds to encourage tolerance[cite: 136].

Social Awareness

A positive effect of pop culture that sparks discussions on issues like mental health and environmental concerns[cite: 137, 138].

Inspiration and Aspiration

A positive effect where pop culture motivates individuals to pursue success by showing successful people[cite: 139, 140].

Community Building

A positive effect where fandoms allow people to connect, share interests, and build networks[cite: 141].

Creativity and Innovation

A positive effect that inspires artists and designers to create new works[cite: 142].

Economic Growth

A positive effect where the entertainment industry provides jobs, tourism, and revenue[cite: 143].

Cultural Exchange

A positive effect where global spread allows people to appreciate each other's traditions and art forms[cite: 144].

Entertainment and Stress Relief

A positive effect that offers comfort and an escape from everyday life[cite: 145].

Charitable Initiatives

A positive effect where celebrities use their platforms to raise funds and support causes[cite: 146].

Education and Learning

A positive effect where documentaries and programs make learning engaging[cite: 147].

Reinforcement of Stereotypes

A negative effect that perpetuates biases based on race, gender, or sexuality[cite: 149].

Desensitization to Violence

A negative effect from excessive exposure to violent content, leading to a tolerant attitude toward aggression[cite: 151].

Erosion of Privacy

A negative effect driven by celebrity culture and reality TV that contributes to a culture of voyeurism[cite: 152].

Consumerism and Materialism

A negative effect that encourages people to prioritize acquiring material possessions over other values[cite: 154, 155].

Erosion of Cultural Values

A negative effect that can undermine traditional norms and lead to a loss of cultural cohesion[cite: 156].

Influence on Risky Behaviors

A negative effect that glamorizes drug use or dangerous stunts, impacting impressionable youth[cite: 157, 158].

Body Image Issues

A negative effect caused by unrealistic beauty standards promoted by the fashion and entertainment industries[cite: 159].

Privacy and Surveillance Concerns

A negative effect arising from social media usage and the willing sharing of personal information[cite: 160, 161].

Political Polarization

A negative effect that reinforces political divisions by promoting certain ideologies[cite: 162].

Short Attention Spans

A negative effect caused by the rapid pace and constant influx of new pop culture content[cite: 164].

Filipino Diaspora

Contributes to the evolution of cultural identity by fostering a transnational identity that transcends geographic boundaries[cite: 168, 169].

Technology and Social Media

Vital tools that facilitate a democratization of cultural production and allow virtual preservation of traditions[cite: 174, 175, 178].

Metro Manila Pop Song Festival

A songwriting competition that caters to the promotion of Filipino music and launched the careers of many artists[cite: 122, 123].

Literature of Popular Culture

Consists of reportage, reviews, and academic studies, though they often lack a clear collective perspective[cite: 126, 127, 132, 133].