IASTD 1: Midterm Exam Study Guide | Quizlet

WEEK 1: Globalism and Weaponized Interdependence

1. Globalism Overview

2. Weaponized Interdependence

3. Enshittification

1. Keohane and Nye

- Globalization

- Complex Interdependence

2. Farrel and Newman

- Weaponized Interdependence

- Hub and spoke

- Panopt, Chokept

- Network Effects

3. Farrel and Newman

- Network effects

- Dollar Clearing

- US Military Tech

- Starlink

Globalization:

Held's 4 Part Definition:

Increasing degree of globalism.

Held's

1. Stretching (further)

2. Intensification (thicker)

3. Interpenetration (sharing)

4. Global Institutional Infrastructure (standardizing)

Held's 1: Stretching

+examples

Connections reach further

1. Greta Thumburg skips school to protest climate; whole social movement spreads globally (space) and within months (time)

2. transportation (airplanes, cars, ships)

3. money transfer through internet

Held's 2: Intensification

+2 examples

More density, thickness of connections

1. Denser airplane route maps

2. Global Exports are more of GDP: exports are intensifying their presence in world economc

Held's 3: Interpenetration

+2 examples

More shared practices

1. Optor group's pro-democracy symbols led to democracy movements around the world

2. Transnational corporations

Held's 4: Emergence of Global Institutional Infrastructure

+2 examples

1. Standard container size for shipping

2. United Nations connects nations

Time-space compression

Lessening the significance of distance and speeding up the experience of time.

Examples of Time-Space Compression

- Greta Thumburg skips school to protest climate; whole social movement spreads globally (space) and within months (time)

- transportation (airplanes, cars, ships)

- money transfer through internet

Globalism

MULTILATERAL and MULTICONTINENTAL interconnection; state of the world in which ideas, people, capital, goods, information, and bio substances flow in a highly interdependent manner

Keohane and Nye's Theory of Globalism

& how it differs from Globalization

1. Multilateral

Eg. NATO (all contributors)

2. Multicontinental

WTO (trade)

3. Economic, Military, Environmental, Social/Cultural

4. Has Ancient Roots

How does Keohane and Nye's Theory of globalism differ from globalization?

Globalization: the increasing degree of globalism. Has been happening forever.

Globalism: state of the world. Where we are.

Keohane and Nye's Key Forms of Globalism

1. Economic

2. Military

3. Social

4. Environmental

K&Nye's

Economic Globalism

1. International Outsourcing

2. Global Supply Chains

K&Nye's

Military Globalism

1. ICBMs, ex, Cold War

2. International Politics/R2P

K&Nye's

Environmental Globalism

1. COVID

2. Pollution

3. Climate Change

K&Nye's

Social/Cultural Globalism

1. Greta Thumburg

2. Tourism

Complex Interdependence

3 specifications

1. Multiple Chanels

2. Multiple Issues (without a clear hierarchy)

3. Peace (force is irrelivant)

- Theoretical.

- Keep peace because so much is connected now that fighting is not helpful.

- More connected institutions means more harmony on more issues.

- Cooporation due to bilateral dependence.

Counter:

If you're more connected it gives you more ways to leverage your power and extort people. (Ukraine gas pipelines)

Farrell and Newman's Theory of

Weaponized Interdependence

Panopticon and Chokepoint effects

Asymmetric vs Symmetric Networks

Networks are rigid and force people into the existing thing.

Asymmetric

- Converges to hub and spoke.

Network Effects

- value increases as more people use

Eg. Facebook

Lock-in

- dominant stays dominant

- resistant to change

Eg. Stock market: use NASDAQ or die!

Enshittification: how is the US leveraging their power?

9/11 spurs leveraging of hub power

Everything gets worse.

- Dollar Clearing system

- Internet Servers (amazon)

2 KEY Panopticon and Chokepoint Examples

SWIFT:

Swift was the dominant financial network by 2000s.

Network lock-in.

Hubs: US, Switzerland

Panopticon: US uses SWIFT for anti-terrorism surveillance.

Chokehold: US cuts Iran out of SWIFT until they give up their nuclear power.

Internet Infrastructure:

Hubs: US has cables and lots of cloud dominance

Panopticon: US gov agency tapped internet cables to spy on data that comes in

*Remember, to use both you need organization cooporation and hub status!

Perspectives on Globalism:

Keyhane/Nye vs Farrell/Newman

K/N

- gets more equal and fairer, good for peace

F/N

- gets more unequal

- allows for coercion

-

WEEK 2:

1. Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu/Robinson)

2. What makes Countries Rich or Poor (Diamond)

----

3. Intranational Inequality

Why Inequality Matters (Birdsall)

1. Acemoglu/Robinson

2. Diamond

- Nogales/Sonora

- Institutions

3. Birdsall (inequality)

- Slows growth

- Undermines good policy

- Erodes Social Capital and Inhibits Collective Decision-Making

GDP Per Capita

(+ caveat)

Gross Domestic Product Per Capita:

Value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year AVERAGED by population

(doesn't account for within-country differences! Not good measure of standard of living!)

Describe and compare:

Cultural (lecture)

Geographic (Diamond/lecture)

Institutional (A/R/lecture)

explanations for patterns of wealth and poverty amoung states

Cultural

- Stereotypes

Geographic:

- crops

Institutional

- extractive vs inclusive

Cultural Explanations...

for why some countries are rich and others are poor. (lecture)

Explain 1 example

1. Protestant Ethic Theory:

Protestant countries developed further + more literacy. Why? Protestant values of success, drivenness, reading the bible yourself.

Criticisms of Cultural Explanations...

for wealth inequality between nations.

Explain 3 criticisms and one example

1. racist

2. Directionality problem

3. CHANGE - if it were cultural, then how do poor countries rise and rich fall?

EX: Confucianism was said to be a cultural obstacle to success, but the four asian tigers (Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong) found success nonetheless.

Geographical Explanations...

for why some countries are rich and others are poor. (Diamond/lecture)

Explain 4

1. Diseases: in tropical cimates, diseases travel faster, mosquitos, ticks, thrives in heat.

EG. No cure for malaria.

2. Agricultural Productivity: lower in tropics, diseases affect crops, less-nutrient-rich soil (glaciers mixed the soil up in temperate)

EG. Argentina. temperate zone yay, biggest SA food exporter despite exclusive institutions.

3. Land-Locked: international trade is important!

EG. African countries are poorest and most land-locked.

EG. Indian Ocean exchange

4. East-West connection of Eurasia = an advantage: disease resistance, domesticated plants, tech progress

What are the main criticisms of geographical explanations of inequality?

explain 2

1. CHANGE!

Eg. South America was rich before colonization, now its poor.

Eg. Switzerland is landlocked but rich!

2. Historical differences:

Eg. North America got leftovers without wealth to extract so they got all inclusive.

Peanut-Butter-Sandwich

(Diamond) poorer countries in the tropics (middle)

Institutional Explanations...

for why some countries are rich and others are poor.

Eg. Nogales AZ vs Mexico.

History of colonialism.

America: allows participation, talents, create wealth

Mexico: benefit the elites by extracting from the masses

- corruption

- lack of legal records

- lack of property security

Extractive and Inclusive economic institutions

Inclusive Economic:

- Private Property

- Fair Rule of Law

- Allow Career Choice

- Allow new buisnesses

- risk taking

Extractive Economic:

- high taxation

- random nationalization

- economic rights of elites

Extractive and inclusive political institutions

Inclusive Political:

- pluralist

- econ rights protected

- monopoly regulation

Eg. Bill Gates vs Carlos Slim (monopolized telecommunication)

Extractive Political:

- absolutism

- lack of basic government institutions protecting rights etc

Describe how Spanish colonialism was extractive politically and economically.

Encomienda system (extractive political hierarchy and economic because enriches themselves)

Unequal rights to engage in political and economic sectors

Describe how North Korea is an example of an extractive political and economic system.

Political:

- absolutist --> self-favoring econ policies

Economic:

- no incentives to create

- no incentives for edu, industry

- black markets/low accessibility

Low Trust.

What is the KEY strength of the institutional argument for international inequality?

CHANGE!

1. Institutions can CHANGE, resulting in a change of fortunes!

Eg. Colonialism--> reversal of fortunes

What did Birdsall write?

She wrote about inequality within nations and why it matters.

Inequality (various forms)

Income

Wealth

Health

Education

Racial Wealth

Gender

Spatial

Poverty (different definititions)

1. Absolute Poverty

2. Relative Poverty

3. Multidimensional Poverty

What are some different metrics of poverty?

Income

Wealth

Education

Health

Politial Participation

Absolute Poverty (birdsall)

Fixed minimum needed for survival 2.15 per day

Relative Poverty (birdsall)

Relative to the standards of living in current society

Multidimensional Poverty (birdsall)

combo of many indicators:

education, health, living standards

Equity vs Poverty

Equity: Normative concept: Fairness of opportunity in things that lead to social outcomes:

Eg. public education, etc

Poverty: is absolute.

Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve

Bigger gini = more inequality

y = x line is perfect equality

x(%of households)

y(%of total income)

Birdsall's instrumental argument for reducing inequality

(and how its different from the textbook assumption)

Inequality is GOOD for growth.

1. Economic: makes countries poorer

2. Political: produces bad policies

3. Social: destroys social fabric

How does inequality inhibit growth according to birdsall?

Market Failures

Economy wastes the productive potential of poor people.

Ex. Give rich farmer one more tractor or give 1000 poor farmers some better tools. More potential!

Ex.

How does inequality undermine good public policy according to birdsall?

Rich have power and use taxes for what they want.

Ex. Venezuela gives a ton of money to universities but not a lot to gradeschools. Benefits the already privilaged!

No fast growth.

Ex. Median voter hypothesis: the median voter has the say, and they'll want welfare. Well thats not always the case

How does inequality erode social capital and collective decision-making according to birdsall?

Rich and poor separate and thus do not collaborate.

Ex. Public transportation gets neglected if there are tons of rich people who don't see it.

Ex. Lower participation in civic organizations and community networks.

Ex. more violent crime

What is the texbook assumption and how is it different to birdsall?

Texbook: tradeoff; inequality is good for growth; incentive to work hard.

Birdsall says.. inequality actually INHIBITS growth.

She's not saying that its bad or good, just that due to the evidence, it might be best to solve inquality because its bad for growth.

WEEK 3: War

1. War Is Not Over (Fazal and Poast)

2. The Conflict Trap (Collier)

3. Responsibility to Protect (Evans and Sahnoun)

4. Perils of Militarised Humanitarianism: Hypocricy of R2P (Moses)

1. People say war is declining, but that's not the case.

2. Civil wars trap people into more civil wars.

3. R2P is necessary. Here's how to do it well.

4. R2P is dangerous.

Intra-state, inter-state, and internationalized intra-state wars

Intra-state: Civil war

Inter-state: Between two states

Internationalized Intra-state: conflict is happening in the state, but international actors are involved

1. Why do people say war is declining?

2. Why do Fazal and Poast think war ISNT declining, despite popular arguments?

2 reasons + examples

1. Less Great Powers wars, complex interdependence, Democratic peace theory, nuclear MAD, UN Peacekeeping, less deadliness

2. WAR ISN'T DECLINING

Modern Medicine (disease + wounds) (undercounting)

Eg. US airlift support;The golden Hour

Great Power Wars By

Eg. Cuban Missle Crisis

Eg. Korean War = great powers proxy(china, sov union, United states, UN)

Civil wars

Eg. Vienam war proxy for SovUn & US

Eg. US Iraq war (unethical contractor deaths)

Greed and Grievance explanations for intra-state wars

Who thinks this?

Coller thinks this.

Greed:

- fight for control of natural resources because they help fund wars

Eg. Fiji for fijans was BS because they just wanted mahogany contract with the US (but there were definitely grievances)

Eg. African Blood Diamonds Sierra Leone

Grievance:

- inequality, discimination, independence

- Nationalism/identity

Eg. American Civil war fighting over slavery

Collier's conflict trap argument

Find one mega example to show this all

How does R2P differ from traditional soverignty? (Evans and Sahnoun)

Soverignty as CONTROL: supreme authority within a territory

before --> now

Soverignty as RESPONSIBILITY:

- Respect other states' sov

- Respect basic rights of your people

- International accountability R2P!

Key example of soverignty as responsibility in a non-fighting way.

Sierra Leone

..wan't able to help stop malaria spread.

WHO sends in medical equipment.

US military forces provide aid.

What criteria are necessary for intervention? (Evans and Sahnoun)

1. Just Cause Theshold: imminant large loss of death/ethnic cleansing

2. Right Intention: eliminate human suffering

3. Last Resort

4. Proportional Means: just enough to get the job done

5. Reasonable Prospects: good chance of working

6. Right Authority: should be UN

Eg. Vietnam war was just to stop the spread of communism.

Global Dynamics Behind Emergence of R2P Arguments

1. 1990s Failures:

spike in civil wars with failed peace-keeping by UN: in need of change

Eg. Rwanda,Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo failed protection in peace-zones => genocide

We need rules!

2. Rise in norms of human rights (state security--> human security)

3. Protect, not intervene!

Evans and Sahnoun views on Human Security

Rise in human-centered rights to dignity, life, livelihood

Protecting states--> protecting PEOPLE

Criticisms of R2P (Moses)

1. You better not mess up (Libya)

2. Neo-colonialism.

- Selectivity/hipocrisy

- Western saviors serve their interests

- Powerful uses force against weak

Eg. US would never use force against China...

3. (Collier) Debasement of humanitarianism:

- legitimizes violence

Eg. Vietnam war the US reasoning was to stop the spread of communism but this doesn't satisfy R2P.

Libyan Intervention example of R2P criticism.

Don't mess up.

2011 intervention in civil war

Leads decade of violence, spreading war.

Fails reasonable prospects criteria.

Gaza example criticism of R2P

Hipocrisy/Selectivity.

GAZA: has met the just cause threshold, and yet..

Debasement: "most moral army" --> while doing genocide

Selectivity: US doesn't stop Israel when they are our allies

Hipocrisy: US providing aid to Gaza and weapons to Israel.

WEEK 4: Democracy and Democratic Backsliding

1. The Quality of Democracy (Diamond and Morlino)

2. On Democratic Backsliding (Bermeo)

1. Can't make Democracy perfect, but try your best on these lovely 8 dimensions:

2. Dem is weakining in subtle, drawn-out ways.

Diamond and Morlino's framework for assessing democratic quality and the 8 dimensions that influence that quality.

Quality Democracies are..

1. Quality of Results: insitutions actually provide stuff

2. Quality of Content: civil liberties, political equality

3. Procedural Quality: free and fair elections, accountability, trust

8 Dimensions:

1. Rule of Law

2. Participation

3. Competition

4. Vertical Accountability

5. Horiz Accoutability

6. Freedom

7. Equality

8. Responsiveness

*these are a system!

What is Diamond and Morlino's

Rule of Law dimension of democracy?

FOUNDATION OF ALL ELSE

Equality before law

Independent judiciary

Clear rules

What is Diamond and Morlino's Participation dimension of democracy?

Right to vote, organize, etc

Eg. Texas backslides by putting only one mail ballot drop off location per county. Not equal way to vote!

What is Diamond and Morlino's Competition dimension of democracy?

Fair competition amoung opposing parties for a voice. (media, funding, strength)

Eg. Turkey, a party needs 10% vote for any participation. This silences smaller parties

What is Diamond and Morlino's Vertical and Horizontal Accountability dimensions of democracy?

Vertical:

citizens to leaders: info, justification, punishment/reward (can be reelected or not)

Horizontal: Checks and balances amoung leaders

What is Diamond and Morlino's Freedom dimension of democracy?

Freedom on

Political: vote

Civil: religion, privacy

Socio-Econ: private property

What is Diamond and Morlino's Equality dimension of democracy?

Formal political and legal equality for all.

Eg. School desegregatin

Eg. Can musk give 30 mil to campaigns even if it is legal.

What is Diamond and Morlino's Responsiveness dimension of democracy?

Vertical accountability.

Do the leaders do what they promise. Can they be checked by the masses? How transparent. Do they do what people want.

Caveat: responsiveness may not be the most equal. Eg. Jim Crow was popular but unethical.

Minimum baselines for democracy (Diamond and Morlino)

1. Universal adult sufferage

2. Free, competitive, recurring elections

3. More than one serious political party

4. Alternative sources of information

Autocracy

+examples

Bermeo's democratic backsliding def

6 Forms of backsliding

Def: STATE-led debilitation or elimination of any of the political institutions that make up democracy

- Either shatters or erodes

Shattering Backsliding

Decline in

1. Classic coups

2. Executive coups

3. Election-day vote fraud

Eroding Backsliding

1. Promissory Coups

2. Executive Aggrandizement

3. Manipulating elections/ strategic harassment

Is erosion or shattering worse?

Erosion. more ambiguous, harder to see happening

Turkey, why important, what form of backsliding is it, how does it erode the dimensions.

Erdogan = executive aggrandizement

- Defamation laws; journalists fired

- Able to appoint many judges

Rule of law:

- Broke rule for independent judiciary by giving himself power to appoint judges

Participation:

- Journalists were scared to show their voice!

Competition: Made it harder for competition to get power by making that 10% theshold.

Blocked media access

Vertical Account: can't hold this leader accountable if he gets too much power (not able to get information, justification, or punishment)

Horiz: courts packed with loyal people

no checks on exec

Freedom: less freedom of speech

Equality: uses legal system as weapon against opponents so not everyone gets legal equality

Responsiveness: critics silenced, can't know what people actually want

How does Turkey illustrate the ambiguity problem:

Erdogan is backsliding democracy by gaming the system that he's in. He's doing it THROUGH the democracy and not just taking over. So its hard to see that hes doing anything wrong.

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