Hemodynamics Final - Multiple choice

90 degrees

What angle does not show a shift in frquency?

Color gain

When this is too high, color is seen outside the vessel.

color priority

What pays more attention to grayscale or color doppler imaging when altered?

velocity scale

range of velocities seen on spectral display

Positive

Echoes moving towards the transducer are a ______ doppler shift.

Negative

Reflectors moving away from the transducer are a _______ doppler shift.

cm/s

Doppler shifts are received frequencies but converted to ___ by the ultrasound.

True

True or false? The top arrow is pointing to the spectral envelope and the bottom arrow is pointing to the spectral window.

True

True or false? It is normal to see some physiologic spectral broadening in smaller vessels (hepatic artery) versus larger peripheral arteries (carotid)

True

True or false? Steering will change the color box changes the angle of sound waves in relation to blood flow.

False

True or false? You could change the color scale to fix this image

Poiseuille Law

Defines the pressure/flow relationships in the vascular system

viscosity

creates energy “losses” in the vascular system (conversion of friction to heat)

kinetic energy

work in motion is describing:

velocity

rate of movement with respect to time is describing:

Low resistance

Antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle is describing:

turbulent flow

mixing between layers of blood flow with irregular motions of fluid is describing:

Bernoulli principle

When a fluid flow without a change in velocity from one point to another, the total energy content remains constant, providing no frictional losses.

potential energy

Stored energy is considered:

compliance

arteries will stretch with increased pressure describing:

Vasa vasorum

Comprise tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of the blood vessels.

distal to where you are

If you saw this waveform in the common carotid artery, where would you expect to see the stenosis?

there is a color bruit

What is incorrect about this image?

upstream from where you are

Looking at these normal and abnormal waveforms in the same arteries in different legs. Looking at the image on the right with the blue arrow, where is the stenosis?

Before

Looking at this waveform, are you before at or after a stenosis?

Post stenotic turbulence

What image is C denoting?

Parabolic flow

what flow is demonstrated here at the arrow?

A

What image is higher resistance?

2

Based on Bernoulli’s principle where would velocity be the highest

high, low

Blood moves from a ______ energy pressure to a ____ energy pressure.

False

True or false? With plaque build up, arteries will still be able to stretch with increased pressure.

True

True or false? High resistance waveforms do not have a lot of diastolic flow.

True

True or false? In a specific vessel, as the area decreases (stenosis), the velocity mist increase to maintain volume flow to vascular bed it’s going to?

False

True or false? Arteries that supply skeletal muscles at rest are usually display low resistance waveforms.

False

True or false? Exercise produces vasoconstriction, which decreases resistance.

False

True or false? Elastic recoil of arteries happens during systole.

True

True or false? atherosclerotic changes typically occur at branch points and bifurcations.

Continuous waveform

If there is clot in a vein, what would the waveform look like before to the clot? Example: there is clot in iliac and you are scanning CFV so what would the waveform in CFV look like?

respiration variation

A venous waveform with a proximal clot will demonstrate all except:

2/3

Venous system holds up to ____ of blood in the body

ischemia and ulceration

Decreased oxygen transfer at the capillary level from increased venous pressure can result in:

Expiration

Doe the flow increase into abdominal cavity from the legs during inspiration and expiration?

collapse during inspiration

Doe the IVC collapse or expand during inspiration or expiration?

Decreased

During inspiration, do you have increased or decreased thoracic pressure (thoracic cavity)?

Decrease

Will venous pressure increase or decrease with exercise?

Increase

When standing, will venous pressure increase or decrease at the ankles?

High

____ transmural pressure will lead to a distended vein.

Low

The arrow is demonstrating what type of transmural pressure?

Higher

Will transmural pressure be higher or lower when standing

True

True or false? Venous thrombosis increases venous pressure

False

True or false? Primary varicose veins are formed due to DVT.

Soleal

These muscles are considered the “little heart” that controls forward movement of blood in the legs.

3-4

Distended veins can be _____ times larger in cross-sectional area than corresponding artery

central

Which type of veins have higher resistance regarding veins?

Intracapillary pressure

What force moves fluid out of the capillary?

Interstitial and capillary osmotic pressure

Which force favors the reabsorption of fluid into the capillary?

Starling forces

govern the movement of fluid across the capillary bed

Incompetent valves in CFV or GSV

What is the primary cause of varicose vein that develop in absence of DVT?

Retrograde flow occurs in superficial veins due valve incompetence

What happens when the calf muscles propel blood upward in individuals with varicose veins?

Arterial

Is this a venous or arterial ulcer?

on toes and medial

Which of the following is not describing an arterial ulcer?

False

True or false? bidirectional is a term for resistance

False

True or false? the CFA is considered low resistance

Too little doppler gain

Will not demonstrate spectral broadening

Spectral broadening

filling in of clear window under systolic peak

Staccato

A very high resistive pattern with a short “spike” of velocity acceleration and deceleration with low amplitude diastolic flow

beginning to systole to mid systole (peak)

In an artery upstroke refers to:

Monophasic

This waveform is considered:

Bidirectional

What is the best descriptor of this waveform?

Antegrade, multiphasic

This image of the CFA going towards the leg is described as:

retrograde

Blood flows in opposite direction for the artery being evaluated

True

True or false? monophasic is not a descriptor for arterial flow direction

ICA or Vertebral

Forward flow throughout cardiac cycle and relatively high diastolic velocities are noted in:

antegrade flow

Blood flows in normal direction for the artery being evaluated.

lower resistance

with exercise or rise in body temp, will peripheral arteries become higher and lower resistance?

higher resistance

When fasting will your SMA have higher or lower resistance waveform?

Acceleration time

the time it tales an artery to reach peak systole from start of systole

False

True or false? Flow profile with antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle is describing a high resistance waveform

Multiphaic

Biphasic and triphasic waveforms are now termed:

Iliacs, innominate, subclavian

Inflow arteries

False

True or false? Axillary artery is considered an inflow artery

CFA, Profunda, superficial femoral, pop

Outflow arteries

Tibials, peroneals, ulnar, radial

run-off arteries

high, dampened

In the first image, the spectral scale is too _______, making the waveform look ______

.75

If the systolic is 100cm/sec and the diastolic is 25cm/s, what is the resistive index?

reduced

This augmentation is considered _____.

nonspotaneous

When flow is not actively observed in a vein and only noted with valsalva or muscle contraction:

respirophasic

best way to describe the venous flow pattern of this waveform?

regurgitant/pulsatile

What is the best way to describe this waveform?

antegrade

How would you describe this waveform?

reflux

What is 2 referring to?

regurgitant

Increased right atrial pressure creating a flow pattern similar to antegrade and retrograde components.

continuous/monophasic

A steady and unwavering waveform identifies a more central obstruction intrinsic to veins. No respiration variation.

Pulsatile

An abnormal finding in lower extremity veins seen with elevated central pressure, regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, etc.

false

True or false? resistance is a term is given as a major descriptor

spontaneous

flow is considered ____ when it is observed actively moving in a vein without any external maneuvers

Augmentation

Changes in venous flow velocity in response to physical maneuvers describes:

Top

which of the following is a peripheral vein?

>70%

What percentage stenosis would we call this in the ICA?

dampened and monophasic

This waveform is seen in distal peripheral artery in lower leg. Its best described as: