RATES OF REACTION

Reaction Rate

The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs.

Collision Theory

The theory stating that for a chemical reaction to occur, reactants need to collide with enough energy and with the correct orientation.

Average Reaction Rate Formula

Average reaction rate = Total mass of product / total time.

Concentration

The amount of a substance (solute) present in a specific volume of liquid (solvent).

Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate

Increasing the concentration of reactants increases the rate of reaction.

Surface Area

The total area of all the faces of a shape; smaller particles have larger surface areas.

Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

Increasing surface area increases the rate of reaction by allowing more atoms to collide.

Temperature

A measure that affects the kinetic energy of particles; higher temperature means faster movement of particles.

Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction by increasing the energy and speed of particle collisions.

Catalyst

A chemical that is added to a reaction to provide an alternate pathway with lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that increase the speed of reactions in the body.

Lock and Key Model

The model that describes how only one enzyme fits into a specific substrate.

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars.

Protease

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller molecules.

Lipase

An enzyme that breaks down fats in food.

Optimum Temperature

The temperature at which an enzyme functions best.

Optimum pH

The pH level at which an enzyme functions best.

Denature

The breakdown of enzymes when temperature is too high or pH is too low/high.

Kinetic Energy

The energy that particles possess due to their motion, which increases with temperature.

Successful Collisions

Collisions between particles that occur with enough energy and the correct orientation to result in a reaction.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Biological Catalysts

Enzymes that facilitate biochemical reactions in living organisms.

Digestive Enzymes

Enzymes that aid in breaking down food in the digestive system.

Reaction Slowing Conditions

Conditions such as temperature and pH changes that cause enzymatic reactions to slow down.

Concentration

Amount of a substance (solute) present in a specific volume of liquid (solvent). It shows how much solute is dissolved in the solvent