psych test 3

What is the definition of sensation in perception?

Sensation is input about the physical world obtained by sensory receptors. Perception is the process by which the brain selects, organizes, interpret and assign meaning to sensation

Where are the photo receptors

Retina

What are the types of photo receptors? What do they detect?

Rods detect, low light and can’t distinguish color cones, detect color

What are the structures of the year and their function?

Out of ear:pinna and auditory canal. middle ear: tympanic membrane (ear drum). Ossicles: malleus(hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrups). Inner ear- cochlea: contains the basilar membrane. Transduction- sound energy into electrical energy happens in cochlea.

What is the role of the thalamus in sensation?

The brain central relay station- gatekeeper for sensation

What two senses interact to produce flavor

Smell and taste as a convergent cerebral cortex

Are sense of touch comes from receptors located where

Under skin and muscles joints, blood vessels, and internal organs

Yes sense of touch necessary for survival

Yes

What is sensory adaptation?

Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus (after a few minutes no longer aware of clothes)

What are the two pathways for pain?

Lateral pain path: fast, acute and localized pain. medial pain path: slow, dull, aching, or burning pain

Can perception be subjective

Yes

What is top down and bottom up processing?

Top down processing is when brain uses prior knowledge experiences and expectations to interpret incoming sensory info. Bottom up processing is when the brain builds understanding from individual raw sensory delays without prior knowledge.

What is an illusion?

A distortion of senses or false interpretation

What is the McGurk effect?

Illusion where there’s conflicting audio and visuals during speech cues

What is the definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge the results from experience

In Pavlov’s experiment on dogs, what were they trying to do?

Drool from bell ringing

Identify unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Unconditioned, stimuli, triggers, automatic response no learning needed. Condition stimuli a previously neutral stimulus that after repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers, a learned response

identify conditioned and unconditioned responses

Un conditioned response or natural automatic reactions to a stimulus conditioned responses are learned behaviors triggered by a previously neutral stimulus

What is extinction? How does it occur?

Reduction in responding in eventual disappearance of the response when condition stimulus is presented repeatedly without uncontrolled stimulus

What is stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

Stimulus generalization is when an organism displays a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus. Stimulus discrimination is ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and response to only specific cues

How could a phobia be formed through classical conditioning?

When a neutral stimulus is paired with a traumatic event

Who was BF Skinner?

American psychologist behaviorist known for operant conditioning

Identify positive reinforcement

Strengthen’s behavior by adding rewarding stimulus

Identify negative reinforcement

Increases behaviors by removing unpleasant stimulus

Positive punishment

Unpleasant consequence to reduce behavior

Negative punishment

Removes desirable stimulus

What is shaping?

Reinforcement of simple steps in a behavior that leads to a desired more complex behavior

Who proposed the social cognitive learning theory?

Albert bandits

What was the Boba doll study and what were the results?

Demonstrated the children learning, imitate behavior, specifically aggression by observing adult adults results were the children that watched aggression were more likely to proceed with that behavior

What factors play a role in learning according to SCLT

Observation, learning attention, retention reproduction motivation