revision

What is the role of an Antiporter in secondary active transport?

1. Changes shape to push Sodium out and pull Potassium in

2. Indirectly uses energy from ATP release to pull Sodium ions into and push another molecule out of the cell at the same time (swaps substances)

3. Indirectly uses energy from ATP release to pull Sodium ions and another molecule into the cell at the same time (moves substances into the cell together)

2

Nicotine activates the cilia of the cell true or false

false

An Organ consists of what?

Two or more tissue types

Broadly speaking, what is the normal pH of blood plasma in the human body?

7.25 - 7.35

7.1

7.35 - 7.45

6.4 - 6.5

7

7.35 - 7.45

what do endergonic reactions do

absorb more energy than cells release

what is an exothermic reaction

part of an exergonic where heat is created

Endergonic reactions are often driven by what

exergonic reaction

what do exergonic reactions do

release more energy than cells absorb

What are the four of the principal electrolytes in the human body?

calcium

sodium

magnesium

potassium

Cells in a hypertonic solution will do what?

Undergo crenation and die

Which of the following is not one of the four main tissue types in the human body?

Nervous

Epithelial

Muscular

Connective

Skeletal

skeletal

What percentage of the body is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen?

96

From smallest to largest, what is the order of organisation in the human body?

• Chemical and Molecular

• Tissue

• Cellular

• Organismal

• Organ

• Organ System

• Cellular

Chemical and Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organismal

label this

1. superior vena cava

2. right atrium

3. tricuspid valve

4. right ventricle

5. papillary muscles

6. aorta

7. pulmonary artery

8. left atrium

9. Mitral (bicuspid) valve

10. septum

Through which chamber does deoxygentated blood enter the heart?

right atrium

What is the function of the upper chambers (right and left atrium) of the heart?

to receive blood

Which main blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart?

pulmonary vein

Which main blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs?

pulmonary artery

Blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery through which valve?

pulmonary valve

Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle? `

mitral valve

What is the outer layer of heart muscle called? 

epicardium

Where in the heart is the SA node located? 

right atrium

As pressure builds in the ventricles and it pushes the blood through the aortic valve into the circulatory system, this is called? 

systole

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute is called?

cardiac output

Which is the correct order of the vessels for blood flow?    

a. Arterioles – Arteries – Capillaries – Veins – Venules

b. Arterioles – Veins – Venules – Capillaries – Arteries

c. Arteries – Arterioles – Capillaries – Venules – Veins

d. Arteries – Venules – Arterioles – Capillaries – Veins

c

Angiotensis 2 causes...

vasoconstriction

You see this ECG rhythm strip on placement during a cardiac arrest - what rhythm is it?

Ventricular Tachycardia

What blood value would be considered within normal range when checking Sodium?

140

Deoxygenated Blood passes through which vessel?

pulmonary artery

Equation for calculating blood pressure

BP = CO × SVR

In the RAAS, which enzyme is primarily responsible for converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

renin

In what order does airflow move through the patient's respiratory system, starting from the mouth and nose?

• Nasal and oral cavity 

• Trachea

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Primary bronchi 

• Secondary bronchi 

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

nasal and oral cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

External respiration refers to gas exchange which takes place between capillaries and tissues. 

True

False

false

Diffusion is when gases move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. 

True

False

false

The inner layer, directly covering the lung is called....

visceral pleura

When air gets caught between the pleura this is called...

pneumothorax

The muscles involved in inspiration include.... (2 correct answers)

External intercostal muscles , Diaphragm 

Inspiration is an active process.

True

False

true

Expiration is a mainly passive process. True or false? 

True

False

true

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

a. dissolved in solution.

b. buffered with water as carbonic acid.

c. bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin.

d. All of the above

d

What is abnormal on this blood gas?

pH	7.32
PaO2	10.1 kPa
PaCO2	6.5 kPa
HCO3-	23 mmol/L

a. The Bicarb (HCO₃-) is too high

b. The PaO2 is too high 

c. The PaO2 is too low

d. The pH is lower than it should be (acidic)

e. The PaCO2 is too high

f. The pH is higher than it should be (alkalotic)

g. The PaCO2 is too low

e and d

The pharyngeal tonsil is found in the

nasopharynx

Some structures in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts serve as sites for gas diffusion

True

False

false

Arrange the answers in correct sequence, for the pathway of inspired air

• Primary bronchi

• Segmental bronchi

• Lobar bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

• Alveolar ducts

Primary Bronchi

Lobar Bronchi

Segmental Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveolar Ducts

Alveoli

Arrange the answers in correct sequence, from most superficial to deepest

• Pleural cavity

• Visceral pleura

• Parietal pleura

parietal pleura

pleural cavity

visceral pleura

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

a. internal respiration

b. cellular respiration.

c. external respiration

d. pulmonary gas exchange

a

Surfactant, which lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, is produced by

Type II Alveolar Cells

Arrange the answers in correct sequence, from superior to inferior

• Epiglottis

• Carina

• Trachea

• Bronchioles

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Bronchi

• Alveoli

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Larynx

Trachea

Carina

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Initial management of a tension pneumothorax includes

Needle Decompression

what is the usual treatment or immediate intervention for heart failure

Diuretics to reduce fluid overload

what is the usual treatment or immediate intervention for pneumothorax

Needle decompression or chest drain

what is the usual treatment or immediate intervention for atrial fibrulation

Rate control with beta-blockers

what is the usual treatment or immediate intervention for influenza

Antiviral medications

what is the usual treatment or immediate intervention for hypertension

ACE inhibitors

Intermittent claudication is a common symptom of PAD.

true or false

true

How many stages are there of sleep? 

4

Which stage of sleep is also known as 'deep sleep' or 'delta wave' sleep?

3

what makes up the stratum corneum

scale like layers, that are dead and overlap with each other, mostly made of keratin

what makes up the stratum lucidum

5 layers of clear flat dead cells, only found in thick skin

what makes up the stratum granulosum

5 layers of keratinocytes, form a water resistant lipid

what makes up the stratum spinosum

tightly packed, provides strength an flexibility

what makes up the stratum basale

deepest layer, provides border between dermis and epidermis

wat are the 4 key cells in the epidermis

keratinocytes

melanocytes

Langerhans

Merkel

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

papillary, reticular

How much of an area does the skin approximately cover on the body?

2 square meters

The middle stratum of the epidermis is called the

stratum granulosum

The outer stratum of the epidermis is called the

Stratum Corneum

the inner stratum of the epidermis is called

corneum

What is not contained within the reticular layer of the dermis?

1.Sweat glands

2.Hair follicles

3.Fibroblasts

4.Pacinian receptors

5.Smooth muscle

6.Lymph vessels

7.Dermal papillae

Dermal papillae

The function of Apocrine glands is associated with thermoregulation and there are more of these than Eccrine glands

true or false

false

what is herpes zoster also known as

shingles

what is urticaria

hives

An ulcer is defined as the loss of which two layers of skin?

The Epidermis, The Dermis

The salivary gland producing the majority of saliva is?

submandibular

The cephalic stage of gastric secretion is associated with?

sight, taste and smell, as well as stomach motiity and secretion from gastric cells

how many regions does the stomach have

4 or 5

The stomach has two sphincters, one at the upper part connecting the oesophagus and one connecting the duodenum.

cardiac and pyloric

Pepsinogen is the activated enzyme which helps to breakdown proteins in our food? true or false

false

The pH of the stomach without food and in anticipation of food is what

2-3

Chief cells in the stomach produce what

pepsinogen

true or false The liver is the largest gland/organ in the body?

true

The pancreas and gallbladder secrete and release enzymes/bile via the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum? true or false

true

label

1. moth

2. salivary glands

3. gallbladder

4. liver

5. pancreas

6. small intestine

7. oesophagus

8. stomach

9. large intestine

10. rectum

11. anus

label

1. hard palate

2. tonsil

3. tongue

4. lips

5. uvula

6. soft palate

7. teeth

label and include how much daliva is produced

1. parotid - 25%

2. submandibular - 70%

3. sublingual - 5%

what percentage of the body's nutrients pass through the liver from the intestines

90

is Intrinsic factor is essential for absorbing Vitamin D?

no

what nervous system stimulates saliva production

parasympathetic

label

1. cardia

2. lesser curvature

3. pylorus

4. fundus

5. body

6. antrum

   1. greater curvature

label

1. hepatic vein

2. gastro-epiploic artery

What is the principle enzyme present in saliva? 

amylase

Which nerve stimulates the stomach to function?

vagus

Name the 3 cells produced in the stomach and from which gland? 

1. cheif - fundic

2. mucus - pyloric

3. parietal - fundic

What is the function of the sinusoids?

liver capillary system

What cells are responsible for removing bacteria and toxins that have entered the blood through the intestinal capillaries?

kupffer cells

The liver breaks down amino acids and converts it into what?

urea

label

1. right hepatic vein

2. inferior vena cava

3. right lobe

4. left lobe

5. hepatic artery

6. portal vein

7. common bile duct

label

1. liver

2. hepatic ducts

3. cystic ducts

4. gall bladder

5. stomach

6. duodenum

7. common bile duct

8. pancreas

9. small intestine

label

1. common bile duct

2. duodenum

3. ascending colon

4. cecum

5. transverse colon

6. descending colon

7. jejunum

The common bile duct drains into which part of the small intestine?

duodenum