AP 2 PRAT FINAL QUESTIONS WITH SOME PICS made by angie

lab test that specifically breaks down the types of white blood cells; says what % of each wbc is present in a sample of blood

What is a CBC with differential? (same as complete blood count but specifically looks at what)

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+,O-

What are the different blood types?

receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-

donate to: A+, AB+

what can blood type A+ receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: A-, O-

donate to: A+, A-, AB+, AB-

what can blood type A- receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-

donate to: B+, AB+

what can blood type B+ receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: B-, O-

donate to: B+, B-, AB+, AB-

what can blood type B- receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-

donate to: AB+

what can blood type AB+ receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: AB-, A-, B-, O-

donate to: AB+, AB-

what can blood type AB-receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: O+, O-

donate to: A+, B+, AB+, O+

what can blood type O+ receive and donate to other blood types?

receive from: O-

donate to: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

what can blood type O- receive and donate to other blood types?

O-

Which blood type is the universal donor?

AB+

Which blood type is the universal acceptor/recipient?

method to find blood type; determined by antigens (A, B, Rh/D) found on the surface of RBCs; O= A and B absent, Rh=positive; dots=present, without dots= absent, antibodies= what is missing

What is blood typing?

hct; also called packed cell volume (pcv); reports the percentage of RBCs in a sample of whole blood; measured in %

What is hematocrit?

Hb or Hgb; measurement of how much hemoglobin-protein inside RBCs (erthrocytes) that contains iron which binds oxygen and carbon dioxide to transport- is in the blood; measured in g/dl

What is hemoglobin?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

What are the different WBCs?

neutrophils

what is this cell?

fights off bacteria pathogens/infection; immunity

what is the function of neutrophils

white blood cell; phagocyte; granulocyte; has lobulated nucleus of 3 or more lobes

what are neutrophils?

eosinophils

what is this cell?

fights off parasitic infection/allergies; immunity

what is the function of eosinophils

white blood cell; phagocyte; granulocyte; has lobulated nucleus of 2 (bi-lobed) or rarely 3

what are eosinophils

basophils

what is this cell?

releases/secretes histamine and heparin; immunity

what is the function of basophils?

white blood cell; granulocyte; has lobed nucleus that is covered from granules

what are basophils?

lymphocyte

what is this cell?

fights off viral infection; immunity

what is the function of lymphocytes?

white blood cell; agranulocyte; has no lobes but a huge spherical/indented nucleus; has 3 types- b cells, t cells, natural killer cells

what are lymphocytes?

monocyte

what is this cell?

immunity/phagocytosis

whats the function of a monocyte

white blood cell; agranulocyte; phagocyte; has no lobulated nucleus but kidney bean shaped nucleus; develops into macrophages after leaving the bloodstream and enter the tissue

what is a monocyte

pressure of blood in the aorta (top of the heart) at any given time

What is Blood pressure?

must be an artery that is close to surface of the skin, ex. brachial, radial

where are the proper sites to take BP?

cuff must be above brachial vein, arm must be at heart level (level of aorta)

what is the proper position to take BP?

systolic/diastolic

How is blood pressure reported?

maximum pressure in artery achieved during ventricular contraction

What is systolic pressure?

minimum pressure in artery measured during relaxation

What is diastolic pressure?

throbbing sensation of arteries that can be felt; represents the heart rate (HR)

What is a pulse?

press fingers right above an artery that is close to surface of skin and count bpm

Where is a pulse detected?

simple squamous epithelium

what type of tissue is this?

single layer of flattened cells; found in bowman's capsule, glomerular capillaries, peritubular capillaries and alveoli

what are simple squamous epithelium and where are they found?

simple cuboidal epithelium

what type of tissue is this?

single layer of cube shaped cells; found in nephron tubules and terminal bronchioles

what are simple cuboidal epithelium and where are they found?

transitional epithelium

what type of tissue is this?

stratified epithelial tissue (stretchy, protective lining); found in ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

what are transitional epithelium and where are they found?

pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium

what type of tissue is this?(respiratory)

single layer of tall, ciliated cells that fakes looking multi-layered; found in larynx, trachea and primary bronchi which also have c-shaped cartilage rings and goblet cells

what are pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium and where are they found?

simple columnar epithelium

what type of tissue is this?(respiratory)

single layer of tall, rectangular (column-shaped) cells; secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles (no cartilage)

what is simple columnar epithelium and where are they found?

test to see if the urine system is properly functional

what is a urinalysis

color, odor, and turbidity (cloudiness) of urine, then specific gravity, pH, blood, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocyte esterase

what are the findings of a urinalysis

how concentrated the urine is

what is specific gravity

condition of blood in the urine

what is hematuria

condition of hemoglobin in the urine

what is hemoglobinuria

condition of myoglobin in the urine

what is myoglobinuria

condition protein in the urine

what is proteinuria

uncontrollable diabetes, carbohydrates-free diet, starvation, and pregnancy without diabetes

What can lead to ketones in the body?

low specific gravity (less than 1.005), no glucose, normal urine

what is an indicator of diabetes insipidus?

glucose (higher than 180 mg/dL), ketones, maybe protein

what is an indicator of diabetes mellitus?

blood and protein

what is an indicator of glomerulonephritis?

leukocytes (WBCs) and nitrates

what is an indicator of UTI?

sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, serratus anterior

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

diaphragm and external intercostals

What are the primary muscles of inspiration?

rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, internal and external obliques

What are the accessory muscles of expiration?

none

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

total lung capacity (TLC), tidal volume (TV), vital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory capacity (IC), functional residual cavity (FRC), FEV1, FEV1/FVC

name all the lung volumes and capacities

TLC; volume of air in the lungs upon maximum effort of inspiration; TLC= IRC+TV+ERV+RV

what is total lung capacity

TV; amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing

what is tidal volume

VC; maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation; VC=IRC+TV+ERV

what is vital capacity

RV; amount of air remaining in lungs after fully exhaling

what is residual volume

IRV; amount of air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal volume

what is inspiratory reserve volume

ERV; amount of air that can be exhaled past normal tidal volume

what is expiratory reserve volume

IC; maximum amount of air that can be inhaled including tidal volume ; IC=TV+IRV

what is inspiratory capacity

FRC; volume of air that is left in the lungs after normal passive expiration; FRC=ERC+RV

what is functional residual capacity

amount of air that can forcefully exhaled in 1 sec during a forced vital capacity test

what is FEV1

the ratio of amount of air forcefully exhaled in the first second divided by the total amount that is exhaled; percent of air exhaled in 1 sec divided by total amount of air exhaled (FVC) should be 80% or greater

what is FEV1/FVC

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

identify wave 1

vital capacity (VC)

identify wave 2

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

identify wave 3

residual volume (RV)

identify wave 4

inspiratory capacity (IC)

identify wave 5

total lung capacity (TLC)

identify wave 6

tidal volume (TV)

identify wave 7

functional residual capacity (FRC)

identify wave 8

race, height, age, gender

What factors impact spirometry?

a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes); spirometer can measure ventilatory valve

What is spirometry?

test that monitor respiratory function by measuring volumes and capacities of air movement

What is Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)?

ciliated, non-ciliated secretory cells, and basal cells (maybe goblet cells)

What are the cells that are found in the respiratory system?

look like clumps of grapes and conduct gas exchange

What do alveoli look like and what is the function?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

accessory organs of the digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine

major organs of the digestive system

Oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and then anus.

What is the order that food passes the digestive system?

function: produces saliva that contains important enzymes ex. Amylase (helps break down starch); Lipase (helps break down lipids)

structure: salivary gland in the cheek; anterior to the ear;ACCESSORY organ of digestive system

parotid gland function and structure

function: transports food into the stomach; muscles contract to allow peristalsis; glands secrete mucous to moisten food

esophagus function

function: stores and digests food; breaks it up mechanically; chemical digestion of proteins and fat using acid and enzymes; produces chyme

stomach function

function: synthesizes and secretes bile; detoxifies blood and drugs, stores nutrients

structure: upper right quadrant; ACCESSORY organ of digestive system

liver function and structure

function: secretes (concentrates) bile and stores it until needed for digestion

structure: a muscular sac attached to the liver; ACCESSORY organ of digestive system

gallbladder function and structure

function: transports bile to duodenum and empties the bile to aid in digestion

structure: duct formed by common hepatic ducts and cystic ducts

common bile duct function and structure

function: protection, fat storage, infection control

greater omentum function

function: stabilizes stomach

lesser omentum function