Historiography

What are the 5 types of questions

Cause, Nature, Impact, Counterfactual, Ethical

Whats a cause question like

What were the causes of -

Whats a nature question like

What was the - like between, about -

Impact

What was the impact of -

Ethical

Was it right/wrong to -

Whats the IB command term “analyze”

Break down into essential elements/explain why

Whats the IB command term “Compare”

Give an account of similarities 

Whats the IB command term “Contrast”

Give an account of differences

Whats the ib command term “compare and contrast”

Give an account of similarities and differences

Whats the ib command term “discuss”

Offer a balanced review and consider a variety of viewpoints, factors and hypotheses

Whats the IB command term “Evaluate”

Make an appraisal and weigh strengths and weaknesses

Whats the IB command terms “Examine”

Consider an argument. Uncover assumptions. Identify inter-relationships.

Whats the IB command terms “To what extent”

Consider merits, state agree vs. disagree and give alternate perspectives

Whats the order of the historical method

• Ask questions

• Collect Data

• Analyze Data

• Create Arguments

• Communicate Findings

Primary Source

source of information that was created during time under study - original source of information (like Anne Frank’s diary)

Secondary Source

Compilations of Primary Documents that make arguments

Tertiary Source

Should be used to develop historical context

Causation

WHY something happened, and causes can be categorised as economic, social, political, etc.

Perspectives

History is based on interpretation - also can be easily manipulated and neutrality shouldn’t be assumed

Change

How change is created - compare details before and after and consider nature, pace and extent of change

Continuity

What stays the same in the midst of great change. As with change, extent should be considered

Consequences 

The effects of what happens throughout history, both in the long and short term

Significance

Why does something matter - why was this evidence preserved

Great People

• Focuses on the influence of a significant individual or individuals in an era

• The individual shapes history and that history would be different without that individual

Structuralists

Changes happen because of changes in economic structures, technology, and social and ideology beliefs

Decisionist

People’s decisions move history

Turner Frontier

• History is shaped essentially by geography, and people's response to it.

Marxist

History is essentially an issue of class and it all boils down to the issue of rich vs. poor

Social History

• This view emphasizes that the way to learn about the past is to focus on the lives of ordinary people

Feminist

• Focuses on the lives of women, their voting rights, equality, social equality, politics 

Chance - Cleopatra’s Nose

• This school of thought suggests that history is often the result of chance, accident or random occurrences - cleopatra’s nose was attractive- mark anthony liked her therefore history

Hegel Dialectics

• Ideologies cause changes

• historical development proceeds not in a straight line “but in a spiral and leading upwards to growth and progress. This is where action follows reaction; from the opposition of action and reaction a harmony or synthesis results” 

Anti-Oppression lens

• Blind spots shaped by race, gender, class religion, etc. that are shaped by ideology and it’s important to see legacy to understand history

Sonderweg

History follows a special path for a country, canadian way, russian way etc.

Toynbee

• History is a result of challenge and response 

• Excessive challenge crushes a civilization, too little stagnates it

What does OPCVL stand for

Origin, Purpose, Content, Values Limitations

Origin

Context of the creation of the source

Purposes

Why was the source made?

Content:

The Nature of the Source

Values

Why we trust the data and the nature of the data and what it can teach you.

Limitations:

Why we don’t trust the data.

Presentism

• Judging people in history using your values, ethics and words.

Hindsight bias

• Seeing the past as predictable because you weren’t living through it 

Confirmation Bias/Herding

• Thinking about issues like everyone else, happens when you only listen to one source of information

Memory issues

• Memory simplifies the past, gets a sliver of the facts and flattens out all the complexities (essentially leads people array)

Intentional Bias

• Source uses emotional images or loaded language to persuade the viewer of something

Limited Access to Information Bias

• Does the person creating the source have all of the details or are they missing something

Type of Source Bias

• What information might or might not be included because of the type of source used (primary, secondary, tertiary)

Historian/Personal Bias

• The historian has their own biases like presentism, and they judge the past by their own standards

What does SPERMIT stand for

Social, political, economical, religious, military, ideological, technological