biology excretroy system

Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis treats kidney failure by involving filtering blood through a machine to remove waste and excess fluid (typically performed in a clinic)

Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen (called the peritoneum) to filter your blood inside your body

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

What is the name of the arteriole that leads into the glomerulus?

The arteriole that leads into the glomerulus is called the afferent arteriole. It carries blood from the renal artery to the glomerulus for filtration

What is the name of the arteriole that comes out of the glomerulus?

The arteriole that comes out of the glomerulus is called the efferent arteriole. It carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration.

Are these two arterioles the same vessel?

No, the afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration, while the efferent arteriole carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus. Therefore, they are distinct vessels with different functions.

The fluid that leaks out of the glomerulus (the filtrate) is caught in what structure?

The filtrate is caught in the Bowman's capsule, which is a cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate.

What does it mean when we say the cells of the glomerulus are fenestrated? Why is it important that these cells are fenestrated?

The fenestrated cells of the glomerulus contain microscopic pores that allow for the rapid, high-volume filtration of water and small solutes from the blood while preventing the passage of larger blood cells and proteins.

What are some things that filter out of the blood in the glomerulus?

water, electrolytes (like sodium and potassium), glucose, amino acids, and metabolic wastes like urea and creatinine

What are some things that remain in the blood after passing through the glomerulus?

• Blood Cells: Red blood cells and white blood cells.

• Plasma Proteins: Albumin and antibodies (globulins).

• Bound Molecules: Protein-bound calcium and thyroid hormones.

• Large Molecules: Platelets and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).

What are the three limbs that make up the loop of henle?

• Descending Limb: The thin portion that allows water to leave the tubule.

• Thin Ascending Limb: The lower part of the upward loop that is impermeable to water.

• Thick Ascending Limb: The top part of the upward loop that actively pumps out salt.

What is filtered out of the loop of henle in the descending limb?

In the descending limb, only water is filtered out (reabsorbed) into the surrounding tissue

What is the name of the channels that allow water to pass through, but not solutes?