Chemistry Final Study

What is the broad definition of biotechnology?

The use of organisms or their parts to develop products, systems, or environments for human benefit.

Besides pharmaceuticals and foods, what is an example of a biotechnology 'system' used for human benefit?

Waste management or water purification.

In what year was the first recombinant insulin (Humulin) produced by Eli Lilly?

1982

What type of recombinant protein is commonly used for stain removal in clothing?

Proteases

Define the field of Bioinformatics.

The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biological information using computers.

What is the primary difference between 'Pure Science' and 'Applied Science' in research labs?

Pure science aims to further knowledge in a field, while applied science uses science for practical purposes.

How does 'Machine Learning' differ from 'Deep Learning' in the context of data analysis?

Machine learning uses computer algorithms to see patterns, while deep learning imitates the workings of the human brain.

What type of biotechnology lab is generally 'for-profit' and develops products like reagents or research instruments?

Biotechnology Companies

What scientific ancestor did modern corn (Zea mays) evolve from through human manipulation?

Teosinte

_____ literature contains original research results reported by scientists that have never been previously published.

Primary

Which specific section is a reliable indicator that a journal article is primary literature?

Materials and Methods (or Data section).

What is the purpose of the peer review process in scientific publishing?

To have research results rigorously reviewed by other scientists before they are published in a journal.

List three examples of primary literature besides journal articles.

Conference proceedings, dissertations/theses, and patents.

What is the defining characteristic of secondary literature?

It summarizes, analyzes, and evaluates previously published research rather than presenting new findings.

Why does secondary literature usually lack a 'Materials and Methods' section?

Because the authors are not reporting their own original experimental research.

What type of biological literature is intended to provide a broad overview of proven facts and definitions in a convenient form?

Tertiary literature

Give two examples of tertiary literature.

Fact books and handbooks (or guides and almanacs).

Which type of literature would include an article from the 'Annual Review of Microbiology'?

Secondary literature

Solution

A mixture in which one or more substances are dissolved in another substance.

What is the standard unit of concentration often used for mass/volume solutions in a laboratory?

g/mL (grams per milliliter).

List the five important types of solutions created in a biotechnology laboratory.

Mass per Volume, % Mass per Volume, Molar, Dilution of a Concentrated Solution, and Serial Dilutions.

How is mass typically measured when preparing a solid solute for a solution?

Using electronic or analytical balances.

What is the active ingredient amount found in one Tylenol Extra Strength caplet?

500 mg of Acetaminophen.

What is the active ingredient amount found in a standard Advil tablet?

200 mg of Ibuprofen.

Define 'Volume' in a laboratory context.

A measurement of the amount of space something occupies.

Which laboratory tool is typically used to measure volumes larger than 10 mL?

Graduated cylinder

What is the mathematical relationship between milliliters (mL) and liters (L)?

1000 mL = 1 L

How many microliters (μL) are contained in one milliliter (mL)?

1000 μL

How many microliters (μL) are in one liter (L)?

1,000,000 μL

To convert from a larger metric unit to a smaller unit, you must _____ the value.

Multiply

When converting from a smaller metric unit to a larger unit, in which direction does the decimal point move?

To the left.

How many millimeters (mm) are in one centimeter (cm)?

10 mm

How many micrometers (μm) are in one millimeter (mm)?

1000 μm

How many milligrams (mg) are in one gram (g)?

1000 mg

How many micrograms (μg) are in one gram (g)?

1,000,000 μg

Which type of balance is generally more precise: an electronic balance or an analytical balance?

Analytical balance

What is the three-step strategy recommended to ensure assignments are successfully submitted via WiFi?

Allow for upload time, allow for 'wifi issues', and maintain a file of receipts.

What specific type of notebook is required for the biotechnology course housekeeping?

Marble Composition Notebook

In a graduated cylinder, the curved upper surface of a liquid column is called the _____.

Meniscus

Besides graduated cylinders, name two other tools used to measure volume in a biotech facility.

Serological pipets and micropipets.

Why is it important to check and convert units before calculating mass/volume solutions?

Because recipes may use different units like mg/mL or μg/mL while balances measure in grams.

In primary literature, who are the authors of the paper?

The scientists who actually performed the research being reported.

What is the primary role of tertiary literature for a researcher?

To find proven facts, definitions, or data already established in the field.

What common laboratory unit is used for the concentration of Agar in bacterial cultures?

Mass per volume (recipe on the bottle).

How does the bibliography of a secondary source usually compare to that of a primary source?

It is often much longer because it references a large volume of primary research.

If a research article has been 'synthesized' into an overview of a field, it is now considered _____ literature.

Secondary

Which prefix represents a unit 1000 times smaller than a 'milli-' unit?

Micro- (μ)

Convert 0.1 L to milliliters (mL).

100 mL

Convert 1000 mm to meters (m).

1 m

Which type of research lab is focused on 'pure science' to further knowledge rather than making a profit?

University and Government Research Labs.

In the evolution of corn, what trait was likely selected for by humans over thousands of years?

Increased grain size and number (as seen in modern Zea mays).

What is the main goal of a 'Review Article'?

To provide an overview of a subject by synthesizing previous research.

What section of a primary research article details how the experiment was conducted?

Materials and Methods

True or False: Primary literature can report results that have been published before.

False (it must report original research never previously published).

Which category of literature is best for obtaining background information on a new research topic?

Secondary literature (Review articles).

What is the base metric unit for length?

Meter (m)

What is the base metric unit for mass?

Gram (g)

What is the base metric unit for volume?

Liter (L)

Convert 10 mg/mL to grams per liter (g/L).

10 g/L (Mnemonic: mg/mL and g/L are equivalent ratios).

What type of biotechnology is used to create disease-resistant or drought-resistant plants?

Recombinant plant technology.

What term describes the use of computer algorithms to identify patterns in large biological datasets?

Machine Learning

Which laboratory facility would likely provide DNA sequencing services to other researchers?

Biotechnology Companies (Service providers).

A guide used to identify chemicals in a lab is an example of _____ literature.

Tertiary

When reading the volume in a graduated cylinder, you should look at the _____ of the meniscus.

Bottom

What is the relationship between the prefix 'kilo-' and the base unit?

1 kilo-unit = 1000 base units.

Convert 500 mg to grams (g).

0.5 g

Convert 200 μg to milligrams (mg).

0.2 mg

If a solution requires 10 mg/mL of protease, how many grams are needed for 100 mL?

1 g

What is the function of a 'Pure Science' lab collaborator in large-scale problems?

To help further fundamental knowledge that can be used for practical solutions.

Name one application of stem cells mentioned in biotechnology.

Genetically modified animal cells for therapeutic research.

What is the purpose of 'Symposia Publications'?

To report research results presented at scientific conferences (Primary literature).

What is the main advantage of using an analytical balance over a standard electronic scale?

Higher sensitivity for measuring extremely small masses (milligrams or less).

To convert meters to kilometers, you divide by _____.

1000

How many centimeters are in a meter?

100 cm

The abbreviation 'NSAID' stands for what type of medication, like Advil?

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.

What is a 'Dissertation' categorized as in biological literature?

Primary literature

Which solution type is defined by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

Molar (Molarity)

What is the goal of 'Applied Science'?

To use scientific knowledge for a practical purpose or product development.

According to the course policies, what should you do if your dog eats your homework?

Upload a new copy as soon as possible (though late penalties may apply).

In a serial dilution, each subsequent solution is _____ than the previous one by a set factor.

Less concentrated (or more dilute).