Zoology 102 quiz 5

Right Atrium

Recieves deoxygenated blood from body

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to body

Right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Trace the blood flow

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, Left atrium, hepatic portal vein, the left ventricle, carotid and subclavian arteries, aorta, renal artery, renal vein, iliac artery, and iliac vein

Mechanical digestion

Physically breaking up food and moving it through the tube

chemical digestion

chemically breaking down large molecules into molecules small enough to be absorbed

absorption

transportation of molecules from outside the body in across the lining of the digestive tract and into the body

Elimination

elimination of indigestible material

What does the liver secrete

The liver secretes bile, which emulsifies fat. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes for protein, carbs, and lipids. It secretes the enzymes into a duct that carries them to the small intestine

salivary glands

secretes enzymes that partially digest carbohydrates

Lining of small intestine

produces digestive enzyme that complete digestion of protein an dcarbs

How does pressure affect lungs

• Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

• To move air inside, the lungs must be lower than the air pressure outside the body

• To lower air pressure in the lungs, need to increase the volume in the lungs

What are the two deuterostome phyla?

Chordata and Echinodermata

What are the four hallmarks of chordates?

• Notochord

• dorsal hollow nerve cord

• pharyngeal slits

• post-anal tail

What are the two invertebrate chordate groups?

Cephalochordata, Urochordata

What characteristics are shared by all vertebrates

• 4 hallmarks

• vertebral column

• endoskeleton

• cranium

What is the definition of an agnathan?

• Jawless structure

• skeleton

• lack of paired fins

• gas exchange

• EX: hagfish and lampreys

Is the agnathan skeleton composed of cartilage or bone?

cartilage

What structure is used for gas exchange in agnathans? Body surface, Gills, or Lungs

gills

What is a gnathostome? What are the three main lineages of gnathostomes? We belong to one of these lineages—

Which one?

A vertebra that possesses jaws

Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays.

Osteichthyes: Bony fishes.

Tetrapods: Four-limbed vertebrates

What two major innovations evolved in the Chondrichthyes lineages after diverging from the agnathans and what is

adaptive about them?

• Jaws

  • paired fins

What is the gas exchange structure for Agnathans and Chondrichthyes?

Gills

What are the two lineages within Osteichthyes?

Ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish

What type of skeleton do Osteichthyes have: cartilaginous or bony?

bony skeleton

What types of animals belong to Osteichthyes?

Ray: Bass, Trout, salmon

Lobe: lungfishes

Lungs evolved as outpocketings of the pharynx. Did lungs evolve from the swim bladder or did the swim bladder

evolve from lungs? What types of bony fish have swim bladders and what is its function

In the lineage of ray-finned fishes, these early lungs eventually evolved into the swim bladder. In contrast, in the lobe-finned fish lineage (which includes ancestors of tetrapods), these structures were retained as lungs

How many chambers in the heart of a fish

2 chambers

How are lobe-fins different from ray fins?

Ray-fins: These fins consist of webs of skin supported by bony spines or "rays". They do not have significant muscle or bone within the fin itself. Lobe-fins: These fins are fleshy and muscular. They are supported by a series of sturdy bones that are homologous to the limb bones of tetrapods (the humerus, radius, and ulna)

Why Tiktaalik is a Transitional Fossil

Tiktaalik is considered a specific transitional fossil because it captures the evolutionary shift from lobe-finned fish to tetrapods

transitional fossil

any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group

Define tetrapod.

A tetrapod is defined as a vertebrate animal that possesses four limbs.

What is the significance of Tiktaalik in terms of understanding evolution of tetrapods?

The significance of Tiktaalik lies in its role as a clear biological "bridge" that helps scientists understand how vertebrates moved from water to land.

What does it mean that the limbs of all tetrapods are homologous?

One bone, 2 bones, cluster of bones, digits

What characteristics are needed for a chordate to be fully terrestrial

A chordate must be able to live and reproduce entirely on land without returning to an aquatic environment.

In what way are amphibians still tied to water habitat

Reproduction: Because their eggs lack a shell, they must be laid in water or very moist environments to keep the embryos from drying out.

Gas Exchange: Amphibians use their moist skin as a secondary gas exchange surface

How Frog Lungs Differ from Mammalian Lungs

The primary difference lies in the internal complexity and the method of ventilation, both of which lead to a much smaller surface area in frogs.

• Mammalian lungs are filled with millions of tiny, grape-like sacs called alveoli

Do amphibians have a diaphragm and/or ribs?

No, amphibians lack both a diaphragm and a functional rib cage.

How many chambers in an amphibian heart?

3 chambers. (2 Atria and one ventricle)

What is the significance of the amniotic egg in chordate evolution?

It is the defining feature of the amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) and represents the final "break" from an aquatic lifestyle.

What types of chordates are amniotes?

Reptile, birds, and mammels

What chordate is a tetrapod but not an amniote?

amphibians

What type of heart do snakes and lizards have

3 chambered heart

What type of heart do birds and crocodilians have

4 chambered heart

What makes a 4 chambered more efficient and able to supply the needs of more active animals?

the complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Other than the amniotic egg, what makes it possible for snakes and lizards to live fully terrestrial lives?

Water-resistant skin, efficient lungs and rib ventilation, Excretion of Uric acid, internal fertilization, and advanced limb positioning.

Besides flight, what function do feathers serve?

Insulation, protection

How is the bird gas exchange system more efficient than other chordates and why is it necessary?

Unlike mammals, where air flows in and out of the same tubes (tidal breathing), birds have evolved a one-way (unidirectional) system. and its nessecary becuase of high altitude survival and the metabolic cost of flight

What structure do mammals have that makes gas exchange more efficient?

The primary structure that makes mammalian gas exchange highly efficient is the alveolus

What are the three mammal lineages? Which two are more closely related?

• These lineages are Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutherians

• Marsupials and Eutherians are more closely related to each other than either is to monotremes.

How are monotremes different from marsupials and eutherians?

Monotremes are fundamentally different from marsupials and eutherians because they lay leathery eggs instead of giving birth to live young. They also possess a cloaca, which is a single opening used for both waste elimination and reproduction,

What is the definition of an endotherm?

An endotherm is an organism that maintains a constant body temperature primarily through the heat produced by its own internal metabolism.

How do endotherms metabolic needs (food and oxygen) compare to ectotherms?

Endotherms have much higher metabolic demands than ectotherms of a similar size.

What types of chordates are endotherms

Mammals and birds

What adaptation do birds have that enables them to do gas exchange in a way that meets the high demand for oxygen?

The primary adaptation that enables birds to meet their extreme oxygen demand is a unidirectional (one-way) respiratory system powered by a series of air sacs.

What adaptation do mammals have that helps them to do gas exchange in a way that meets the high demand for oxygen

To meet the high oxygen demands of endothermy (being warm-blooded), mammals have evolved a respiratory system that maximizes surface area and utilizes active ventilation.

What adaptations do birds and mammals have in their heart that increase the efficiency of distributing oxygen to all parts of the body

The primary adaptation shared by both birds and mammals to increase oxygen distribution efficiency is the completely divided four-chambered heart

What adaptations do birds and mammals each have that provides insulation for the heat they produce metabolically?

Birds use feathers and mammals use hair or fur

What is the overall goal of the respiratory system?

The overall goal of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange

Compare the thoracic and abdominal cavities in terms of location. What muscular structure separates them?

The thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity are the two largest compartments of the ventral body cavity, positioned along the torso. The muscular structure that separates these two cavities is the diaphragm.

Nasal cavity

which filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air to protect the delicate tissues of the lower lungs

Pharynx

a shared passageway for both food and air

larynx

which houses the vocal cords

epiglottis

to prevent food from entering the airway.

trachea

a sturdy tube reinforced with cartilage rings that keep the airway open at all times

primary bronchi,

which further divide into a complex network

bronchioles

that distribute air throughout the lungs

alveoli

tiny, grape-like air sacs that provide a massive surface area for oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to exit.

Describe the journey an oxygen molecule would travel from where it enters the body to where it is taken up by blood circulation.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Explain the relationship between pressure and volume and how they change during inhalation and exhalation. Include The role of the diaphragm in your explanation.

The relationship between pressure and volume is governed by the rule that when one goes up, the other goes down. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and causes the air pressure inside the lungs to drop. Because the pressure inside is now lower than the air outside, oxygen-rich air naturally rushes in to fill the space.

During exhalation, the process reverses as the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up, which decreases the volume of the chest cavity. This reduction in space squeezes the lungs and increases the internal air pressure, forcing the "used" air out of the body.

What is the overall function of the circulatory system?

The overall function of the circulatory system is to act as the body's primary transportation network, moving essential substances to and from every cell

What is the overall function of the digestive system?

The overall function of the digestive system is to break down the food you eat into small, usable molecules that the body can absorb and turn into energy

Explain the difference between digestion and absorption.

• Digestion is the process of physically and chemically breaking down food into smaller pieces

  • is the process where those tiny, digested molecules actually enter your internal environment

Small Intestine

This is the primary site for both the completion of chemical digestion and the absorption of nutrients

Secretions

he Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice (enzymes for carbs, proteins, and fats).

The Liver produces bile (stored in the gallbladder), which emulsifies fats.

The Small Intestine itself secretes brush-border enzymes.

What is the overall function of the urinary system?

homeostasis by filtering the blood and regulating the body's internal fluid environment.

Fill in the blanks: Protein to ________ to _______ (up to here in the cells) to _______

Amino acids to Ammonia to Urea

what is the form of nitrogenous waste that is excreted in mammals? In what organ does is this nitrogenous waste produced?

In mammals, the primary form of nitrogenous waste is Urea. Urea is produced in the Liver.

Kidneys

They act as the primary filters of the body. They remove urea, toxins, and excess water from the blood to create urine. They also help regulate blood pressure and balance electrolytes.

Ureters

Function: They transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder using gravity and rhythmic muscle contractions called peristalsis.

Urinary Bladder

It acts as a temporary storage tank for urine. Its walls are elastic, allowing it to expand as it fills and contract when it is time to empty.

Urethra

It serves as the exit ramp for urine to leave the body. In mammals, a sphincter muscle controls this tube to allow for voluntary urination.

What are the three basic steps of excretion of nitrogenous waste and where do they occur?

1. Filtration

2. reabsorption

3. secretion

Trace the pathway urine follows from the kidneys to outside the body.

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, Urethra, outside the body

What are the functions of the male and female gonads? What organs are the male and female gonads?

Ovaries produce eggs, Testes produce sperm

Urethra

Its sole purpose in females is to allow urine to exit the body from the bladder

Vagina

It serves as the canal for reproductive processes, including sexual intercourse and as the birth canal during childbirth.

Anus

It is the exit point for the digestive system, where solid waste (feces) is eliminated from the body.