U5 psych

stress

the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening or challenging

stressor

an event/condition which we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming

general adaptation syndrome

body’s stress response system.

phase 1: “fight or flight”

phase 2: resist stressor, making coping strategies

phase 3: exhaustion

problem focused coping

reducing the stressors by working out a conflict or tackling a difficult project

risk:increasing emotional distress if difficult to resolve

emotion focused coping

focus on my support, comfort, etc.

risk:ignoring problem

Eustress

positive, motivating stress that feels exciting, challenging, and manageable. boosts energy and performance, leading to growth.

Distress

Negative, overwhelming stress that feels unmanageable and draining. it decreases performance, causing anxiety, worry, or pain

Resistance

body attempts to adapt to ongoing stress, staying on high alert to cope with the threat.

exhaustion

stress lasts too long or is too intense. body’s energy and resources are completely depleted, leading to burnout, fatigue, and an increased risk of physical or mental illness.

tend and befriend theory

a stress response in which humans often respond to threats by nurturing offspring and seeking community

disorder

deviance, distress, and dysfunction in which is used to identify a psychological dsorder (some include a fourth D: danger)

dysfunction

breakdown in a person’s normal mental functioning, affecting their thinking, emotions, or behaviors.

deviant

thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that differ significantly from what is considered typical or “normal” within a specific culture or society. its not a disorder unless harmful or distressing

DSM-5

“Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.” its a standard handbook used by mental health professionals in US to diagnose and classify mental Disorders based on specific criteria

ICD

“International Classification of Diseases".” it’s a global classification system by World Health Org (WHO)

Biopsychosocial Model

an approach that suggests psychological disorders are caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social

Diathesis

a biological or psychological predisposition or vulnerability to developing a specific disorder.

Diathesis-Stress model

a theory that disorder develops when a person with a preexisting diathesis triggered by life stress

behavioral perspective

disorders are learned behaviors or conditioned responses to environmental stimuli

behavioral perspective

disorders are learned behaviors or conditioned responses to environmental stimuli

psychodynamic perspective

disorders stem from unresolved, unconscious conflicts and repressed childhood experiences.

humanistic perspective

disorders occur when individuals lack social support or fail to reach their full potential (self-actualization)

cognitive perspective

maladaptive, faulty, or irrational thoughts determine abnormal emotions and behavior

sociocultural perspective

disorders arise from social, environmental, and cultural factors like stress, poverty, or social norms

biological perspective

disorders caused by physical factors like genetics, brain abnormalities, or chemical imbalances

evolutionary perspective

disorders are modern-day results of ancient, once-adaptive survival traits that are now dysfunctional

biopsychosocial model

a comprehensive approach viewing disorders as an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

ADHD

persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interferes with functioning

autism spectrum disorder

neurological condition marked by social-communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors.

schizophrenic spectrum disorders

range of conditions defined by a loss of touch with reality, such as psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations

paranoid delusions

false, fixed beliefs that one is being plotted against, spied on, or persecuted

delusions of grandeur

false, firm beliefs that one possesses superior wealth power, talent, or special identity

disorganized speech/thinking

incoherent, looks associations in speech, often called “word salad,” resulting from broken thought processes

catatonic exitement

state of excessive, purposeless motor agitation, pacing, or hyperactivity

catatonic stupor

state of unresponsiveness, immobility, and lack of speech

lat affect

a “negative symptom” featuring a total or near-total absence of outward emotional expression

dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)

theory that schizo is caused by overactive dopamine transmission in certain brain regions, leading to symptoms

cluster A personality disorders

characterized by odd, eccentric, or unconventional thinking and behavior

clutster B personality disorders

characterized by dramatic, overly emotional, or erratic thinking and impulsive behavior

cluster C personality disorders

characterized by anxious, fearful, or inhibited thinking and behavior

antisocial personality disorder

included in cluster B, it’s a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploring, or violating the rights of others, often without remorse.

social anxiety disorder

intense, persistent fear of being watched, judges, or embarrassed in social situations

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD

chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about daily life events and activities

panic disorder

sudden, recurring, and intense panic attacks accompanied by a fear of future attacks

ataque de nervios

culture-bound syndrome involving intense emotional distress, shouting, crying, trembling and sometimes aggression, triggered by family stress

specific phobia

irration, intense, and disabling fear of a specific object or situation

agoraphobia

fear and avoidance of places or situations that might cause panic or make one feel trapped helpless, or embarrassed

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized by unwanted, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) done to reduce anxiety

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value, leading to extreme clutter and impaired living space

obsession

unwanted, recurring, and intrusive thoughts, urge, or image that causes significant distress

compulsion

repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event, causing flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety

major depressive disorder

mood disorder characterized by persistent, deep sadness and loss of interest in activities for at least two weeks

persistent depressive disorder

mood disorder characterized by persistent, deep sadness and loss of interest in activities for at least two weeks

persistent depressive disorder

chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years, often less severe than major depression but longer-lasting

bipolar 1 disorder

a disorder characterized by at least one severe manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes

bipolar 2 disorder

disorder characterized by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but never full manic episode

mania

a period of intense, elevated, or irritable mood, high energy, and risky behavior lasting at least a week

hypomanic episode

milder form of mania that lasts at least four days, featuring increased energy but not severe enough to cause major impairment

rumination

continuously dwelling on negative feelings or past problems without moving toward a solution

schizophrenia

severe mental disorder involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, often leading to faulty perception and withdrawal from reality

hallucinations

sensing things that are not real, such as hearing voices or seeing things

delusions of persecution

fixed, false belief that one is being plotted against, spied on, or threatened

word salad

confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases, often a symptom of severe psychosis

psychotic disorders

group of serious mental illnesses that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions, where individuals lose touch with reality

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal info, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be normal forgetfulness

somatic symptom disorder

extreme focus on physical symptoms that causes major emotional distress and functional problems

maladaptive thinking

distorted, unhelpful, or illogical thought patterns that prevent a person from adapting to situations and cause emotional distress

poverty of content

abbreviation of words put together that don’t make sense. ELABORATE

word salad

confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases

psychotic disorders

a group of severe mental health conditions that cause individuals to lose touch with reality, disrupting their thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or “personalities”

dissociative amnesia disorder

dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important personal information

somatic symptom disorder

a person feels extreme, distressing anxiety about physical symptoms (such as pain, fatigue, or weakness) to the point where it disrupts their daily life

antisocial personality disorders (ASPD)

a mental health condition characterized by a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others

resistance

patient doesn't want to talk about topic

transfeence

transferring feelings previously resisted about topic

psychotherapy

involves emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient

biomedical therapy

uses drugs or other procedures

eclectic approach

blend of psychotherapy and biomedical; a therapeutic strategy that blends techniques from various psychological perspectives (e.g., behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic) to tailor treatment to a client's specific needs

humanistic therapy

helping patients deal w/ their problems, boosting self-awareness and confidence

person-centered therapy

whatever patient says, they’re not bad. therapist is there to help realize their challenges and fix them. not there to judge, but needs to validate patient

behavior therapy

shallow, only fixing issue. learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors

• treat phobias or disorders

exposure therapy

expose yourself to the stressors/factor that fears you

systematic desensitization

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

aversive conditioning

counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

• unconditioned stimulus: drug → unconditioned response: nausea

• conditioned stimulus: alcohol (habit) = UCS (drug) → UCR: nausea

now you associate alcohol with giving you nausea because it was transfixed into the mixture

cognitive-behavior therapy

therapy that aims to alter the way people act and alter the way they think