Digestive system: Physio

Digestion

Breaking down food from macromolecules to monomers.

Absorption

Nutrients (monomers) move from food into blood stream.

Excretion

Eliminating undigested food.

Secretion

Cells produce and release necessary substances to help digest & move food along.

Peristalsis

Wave like muscular contractions that move food through all of the organs.

Bolus

chewed food in mouth, esophagus & stomach.

Chyme

Paste of partially digested food leaves stomach & enters small intestine.

Fecal Matter

Chyme enters large intestine where water & vitamins are absorbed, resulting in feces.

(Digestion Pathway) Mouth

chewing

(Digestion Pathway) Esophagus

Peristalsis contraction

(Digestion Pathway) Stomach (2)

• churning

• Acid environment

Small Intestine

Length maximizes absorption.

Large Intestine (2)

• Final absorption

• Primarily water absorption

Last step of Digestion Pathway

Excretion / Elimination / Toilet

Oral Cavity photo

Salivary Glands Photo

Pharynx / Throat Photo

Esophagus Photo

Stomach Photo

Pancreas Photo

Small Intestine Photo

Liver Photo

Gallbladder Photo

Large Intestine Photo

Rectum Photo

Appendix Photo

Simple columnar Tissue

Stomach, small & large intestine.

Stratified Squamous Tissue

Mouth, esophagus

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Stomach, intestines

Stratified Squamous & Smooth Muscle have __ Specialized Cells

NO

Simple Columnar Function

Aids in secretion of substances and absorption of nutrients.

Stratified Squamous Function

Protect against abrasion from food.

Smooth Muscle Function

Involuntarily contracts & moves food along digestive tract.

Mouth Process (2)

• Mechanical digestion (chewing)

• Chem. digestion (saliva)

Mouth Funct. (2)

• Ingests (eats) food.

• Chews food to make bolus & swallows, beginning carb digestion.

Mouth Important Facts (2)

• Contains salivary glands,

• soft / hard palate, tongue, teeth.

Esophagus Process

Peristalsis

Esophagus Function

Carries food to stomach.

Esophagus important fact

Esophageal sphinder @ bottom should be closed unless swallowing food.

Stomach Process (2)

• Mech. digestion (churning)

• Chem dig. (enzymes)

Stomach Function (2)

• Expands to hold food & begins protein digestion.

• Turns bolus into chyme.

Stomach Important Facts (2)

• Contains gastric pits which release secretions.

• Contain rugae (folds) to help expand.

Small Intestine Processes (2)

• Chem dig. (enzymes)

• Absorption of nutrients

Small Intestine Function (2)

• Chemically breaks down ALL food using enzymes & bile.

• Absorbs ALL nutrients into bloodstream.

Small Intestine Important Facts (2)

• 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum (DJ ileum)

• Contains intestinal villi for increasing surface area for absorption.

Large Intestine Process (2)

• Absorption

• Secretion

Large Intestine Functions (2)

• Absorbs water & vitamins

• Stores / processes fecal matter for removal.

Large Intestine Important Facts (4)

Sections:

• Cecum

• Colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid.

• Rectum

• Anus

Food does ____ move through Accessory Structures

NOT

Salivary Glands Function

Make saliva which contains amylase enzyme to digest carbs.

Salivary Glands Fact

3 diff. glands: In cheeks, under tongue, & under jaw.

Liver Function (3)

• makes bile

• Can also secrete bile

• Processes nutrients

Liver Fact

Many other processes

Gallbladder Function (2)

• Stores & concentrates bile

• Secretes bile

Gallbladder Fact

Appears green due to bile.

Pancreas Function

Makes enzymes for digestion & buffer to release into small intestine.

Pancreas Fact

Makes hormones to control blood sugar.

Salivary Glands, Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas are all

Accessory Structures

Mouth & Stomach are BOTH

Mechanical digestion.

Bolus goes in ______ while chyme goes in ______

• esophagus

• stomach to small intestine.

Small intestine has BOTH (2)

• Absorption

• Chemical Digestion

Large Intestine is BOTH (2)

Absorption & Excretion

What makes Amylase (2)

• Salivary glands

• Pancreas

Stomach Lining has (3)

• Goblet Cells: Secrete mucus

• Chief cells: pepsin

• Parietal Cells: HCI

Enzymes (2)

• Proteins that speed up chemical reactions & are responsible for digestion

• Require specific pH & temp to work properly.

Where does Amylase go (2)

• Mouth

• Small Intestine

Amylase breaks ____ into ____

• carbs

• simple sugar

Pepsin is made by ____(____) & secreted by _____

• Stomach (Chief Cells)

• Stomach

Both Pepsin and Trypsin

Both break down proteins into amino acids.

____ makes Trypsin, Amylase, Lipase & Bicarbonate/Buffer

Pancreas

Bile is made by _____& secreted by ______

• Liver

• Gallbladder

HCI is made by ___(___) & secreted by ____

• Stomach (Parietal Cells)

• Stomach

Mucus is made by ___(___) & secreted by _____

• Stomach (goblet cells)

• Stomach

Pepsin, HCI & Mucus are all created by & go to

Stomach

Where Amylase, Trypsin, Lipase, Bile, Bicarbonate go

Go to Small Intestine

Lipase breaks

Lipids into fatty acids

Bile emulsifies

fat (breaks into small droplets)

HCI kills

kills bacteria, activates enzymes

Mucus _____ cells from ____

• protects

• acid

Bicarbonate / Buffer neutralize

acidic chyme.

Small Intestine villi ____ surface area for absorption.

increases

Intestinal Lining have cells with

microvilli & also blood vessels

Constipation & Diarrhea Organ Affected

Organ Affected = Large Intestine

Peptic Ulcers Organ Affected

Stomach Organ Affected

Celiac Disease Organ Affected

Organ Affected = Small Intestine

Pancreatic Insufficiency Organ Affected

Organ Affected = Pancreas

Constipation Process Affected (3)

• INCREASED H2O absorption

• DECREASED Excretion

• Build up of waste

Diarrhea Process Affected (3)

• DECREASED H2O absorption

• DECREASED Excretion

• Dehydration

Peptic Ulcers Process Affected

• DECREASED Secretion due to stomach lining injury.

Celiac Disease Process Affected (3)

• DECREASED Absorption

• Reduced surface area

• Malnutrition

Pancreatic Insufficiency Process Affected (3)

• DECREASED enzyme secretion

• DECREASED absorption

• Malnutrition