helping behaviour

alturism

behaviour that has the goal of benefiting other people with no reward, driven by empathic motivation

evolutionary perspective

prosocial behaviour helps groups survive

any gene promoting alturism should be extinct

evolutionary - kinship selection

we are more likely to do things that further genes even at the expense of our own well being, theres a evolutionary urge to favour those with closer genetic relation

Krupp 2008- pubic goods game

motivations for helping - empathy alturism Batson

alturism is a motivation in helping behaviour, if someone is empathatic they will help them regardless of what they gain from it

study- P watched students get shocks and could offer to take the shocks themselvesm

motivations for helping - alturism egoism Cialdini

witnessing distress causes bad mood who wants to reverse the mood

actions are based on self interest

negative self relief model

humans have a innate drive to reduce their negative moods

helping behaviour helps mood

people help for ego reasons rather than alturistic reasons

bystander effect

likelihood anyone helping in a emergency decreases as the number of other bystanders increases

number effect

larger the number of bystanders the less likley anyone will help

diffusion of responsibiltity

responsibility divided by bystanders, more people less individual responsibility

pluralistic ignorace

emergency bystanders look to others in reacting to the event

each person fails to react, they look at non reacting others and view it as not needing a reponse

audience inhibition / self efficacy

bystander may fear embarrassment by their actions, lower that behaviour

strong when bystanders feel they lack the ability to help

beliefs about the ability to carry out certain actions needed for a specific goal

Latane & Darley 1970

cost and reward of helping

Observing an emergency creates arousal in the bystander which is unpleasant, the bystander responds by considering the costs and rewards of helping/not helping.

The arousal- cost-reward model. A motivational construct as a vicarious model.

Cognitive decision-making components for the calculation of cost and reward of actions. Includes the concept of we-ness.

common ingroup identity model Gaertner

if members of a group see themselves as members of a common group, hostility and bias between groups is reduced and prosocial behaviour increasedo

ingroup help Levine

football shirt study- shared identity which increases helping behaviour

outgroup help

people likley to help when seen as ingroup members

when social identity is salient, people act in terms of norms/values of the group

we help others fit into out groups expectations of social behaviour

disasters

panic, helplessness and disorder shows increased social support due to shared identity

the way authorities respond can help/hinder this shared identity

volunteering

form of sustained helping behaviour, individual motivations and anticipations, personal rewards and acomplishmentss

social cure paragdim (grey, stevenson)

good for our health, showing shared identity has acceptance and belongying