Evolutionary History of the Brain
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42 Terms
Two main functions of the brain?
Guide movement using sensory input; regulate internal organs.
What is the cortex?
Outer layer covering most of the brain.
Three main brain divisions in the CNS?
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
Main role of the forebrain?
Uses sensory input and past experience to make decisions.
Structures found in the forebrain?
Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus.
Main role of the midbrain?
Uses sensory input to direct movement.
Another name for the midbrain?
Mesencephalon.
Examples of movement controlled by midbrain?
eye and head movement
main role of the hindbrain
maintains current state and controls movement functions
structures in the hindbrain?
cerebellum, pons, medulla
main function of cerebellum?
balance, coordination, timing of movement
main function of medulla?
control breathing and heart rate
how does the nervous system send messages?
electrical signals
speed of nervous system signals?
about 10 milliseconds
why are nervous signals costly?
require high energy use
how does the vascular system send messages?
chemical signals called hormones
why are hormones slower?
travel through bloodstream
why are hormones cheaper?
need small amounts and use existing blood system
what determines if a cell responds to a hormone?
correct membrane receptor
what are prokaryotic cells?
cells without a nucleus
example of prokaryotic cell?
E. coli bacterium
Function of flagella in prokaryotes?
movement
what are eukaryotic cells?
cells with a nucleus
what organelle produces energy in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
what allows complex structure in eukaryotic cells
microtubule network
why were metazoa important
first multicellular animals
key innovation of metazoa?
specialised tissues
what body plan did Bilateria develop
bilateral symmetry
Digestive advantage of Bilatera?
Separate mouth and an*s
why were front sensory organs useful in Bilatera?
better detection in direction of movement
key features of chordates?
notochord, tail, neural tube
why were jaws important in fishes?
allowed larger food intake and more energy
what are semicircular canals for
balance and stabilisation
why was the cerebellum important in jawed fishes
controlled gaze and stabilisation
mammalian sensory innovations
whiskers and improved hearing
key primate adaptations
opposable thumbs, binocular vision, trichromatic vision
what happened to brain size in Homo Erectus?
rapid expansion
expensive tissue hypothesis
smaller gut allowed bigger brain
social brain hypothesis
social complexity selected larger brains
mating mind hypothesis
larger brains increased attractiveness
why is brain tissue costly?
2% body weight but 20% of energy use
what determines cortical area size
importance of information processed