Biology final

freshman spring 2026

What macromolecule makes the cell membrane

lipids

Macromolecule that body 1st uses for energy

carbohydrates 2: lipids 3: proteins

Macromolecule that stores most energy

lipids because they have the most energy

Macromolecule that is most important for building muscle

proteins

Macromolecule that's most important for DNA replication

nucleic acids

phosphate molecules in ATP

3

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Where is ATP made in the body

mitochondria

What is needed to make ATP

glucose and oxygen

What first happens if your body can’t produce ATP

cells begin to die

Aerobic respiration

process that produces energy using oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

process that produces energy without oxygen

1st step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

Glycolysis

breakdown of glucose by enzymes

Hypertonic

a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell (ex: lemonade)

Cellular transport

passive transport, active transport, osmosis

Cell theory

all cells come from other living cells

Function of ribosomes

creating proteins

Animals are made up of

eukaryotic cells

When a predator prey starts to overpopulate

the predator population will grow

Biome

a large region with similar climate and organisms

Ecosystem

organisms interacting and depending on each other and their environment

Main source of energy for life

the sun

Energy gained or lost throughout food pyramid

only about 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level

Genotype

an organism’s genetic makeup

Heterozygous

different alleles (Bb)

Homozygous

same alleles from both parents (BB or bb)

Heredity

passing traits from parents to offspring

Genetics

study of how traits are passed down

Body's universal source of energy

ATP

Stage ATP is used in photosynthesis

light dependent reactions

When a phosphate is added

ADP turns into ATP

Cellular respiration

process by which organisms break down glucose to make usable ATP energy

Mitochondria

makes energy from food we eat

Cell walls

only plant cells

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Where does aerobic respiration occur

mitochondria

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

cytoplasm

pyruvate molecules made during glycolysis

2

Chloroplasts

organelles that carry out photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

process plants use to produce glucose

Light dependent reactions

sunlight energy is absorbed

Light independent reactions

stored chemical energy is made from carbon dioxide

Gasses exchanged in photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and oxygen

Chlorophyll

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Product of photosynthesis

oxygen and glucose

Autotrophs

organisms like plants that use the sun’s energy to make their own food

Trophic level

hierarchical feeding level in an ecosystem

Effects of burning fossil fuels

global warming, ocean acidification, greenhouse gas emissions

Carrying capacity

maximum population an ecosystem can support

Keystone species

species whose removal greatly changes an ecosystem

Keystone species example

beaver

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Cellular respiration needs

glucose and oxygen

Cellular respiration equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

NOT active transport

osmosis

NOT passive transport

endocytosis

Organelles found in animals AND plants

nucleus

Nucleus

where DNA replication occurs

Protein synthesis

process of making proteins from amino acids

Translation

process where RNA is used to build proteins

Transcription

process where DNA is copied into RNA

Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Cell goes through meiosis to

create reproductive cells

Internal regulation of cell cycle

cyclins

Cancer

uncontrolled cell growth

Gametes

reproductive cells of plants or animals

Biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem (ex: plants)

Cascade effect

chain of events that negatively affects other parts of a system

competition

when organisms struggle for the same limited resource in an environment

what makes nucleic acids different from other macromolecules?

they store and pass on genetic code of living things