ANSC 201 Exam 2 (Olver)

Poikilotherms

cold-blooded

Homeotherms

Warm-blooded; maintains characteristic body temp. with varying external temps.

Intensive Management

Highly controlled environment

ex) Large swine facilities and dairies, specialized poultry operations

Extensive Management

Less producer control environment; animals adapt to fit the environment

Temperature Regulation (equation)

(Excess) Heat produced by animal + (Additional) Head absorbed by animal = Heat Lost

Conduction

exchange of heat between objects that are touching

Convection

Transfer of heat by air movement

Radiation

Exchange of heat between objects that are not touching

Evaporation

Heat loss form skin and respiratory tract

Which of the following help animals to gain heat?

1. Conduction

2. Evaporation

3. Convection

4. Radiation

Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

____________ and _____________ are a quick way to reduce heat stress. (and an example)

Convection and evaporation. Ex) Hosing down cows with a fan blowing on them

Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

also known as "comfort zone"; the range of ambient temperatures in which an animal can maintain thermal balance by physical means of heat transfer, where heat production and heat loss are about same

Cold stress happens when...

temperatures are below an animal's lower critical temp.

Heat stress happens when...

temperatures are above and animal's upper critical temp.

Animal reactions to temperatures less than TNZ

Short Term: shiver, hunch, huddle closely, increase feed intake, reduce blood flow to extremities

Long Term: Increase body insulation (hair, fat, etc.)

2 ways to help control cold stress

1. Provide wind breaks

2. Keep animals dry

Animal reactions to temperatures higher than TNZ

1. Increase in water consumption, respiration, perspiration

2. Blood vessels dilate

3. Decrease body insulation

4. Less activity

5. Lower feed intake

4 ways to help control heat stress

1. Evaporative cooling

2. Refrigerative cooling

3. Be sure water is always available

4. Shade

Effective Ambient Temperature

temp. adjusted for wind, precipitation, dampness

Factors that affect critical temperatures

hair coat, fat reserves, age, weight...

Ration adjustments in COLD stress

Increase food intake and decrease protein

Ration adjustments in HEAT stress

Increase density of protein in ration and increase some minerals (Na, K, Cl) --> electrolytes

High Altitudes Stress

Hypoxia ---> Hypertension (swelling around vital organs)

Disease

Any deviation from a normal state of health

Contagious Disease

infectious disease, transmitted from one animal to another

Mortality

the number of deaths over time

Morbidity

a measurement of illness

Toxin

Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms

Poison

Chemicals harmful to animals whose source is a plant or manufactured material

Virus Characteristics

1. Lack cytoplasm

2. Can be host-specific and tissue-specific

Virus Life Cycle

1. Virus infects host cell,and attacks the host nucleus

2. Virus uses host cell's metabolic system to replicate

3. Host cell degenerates

4. Replicated viruses infect new host cell

Virus Control Methods

Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines (sometimes)

*antibodies won't work because viruses lack cytoplasm

Bacteria Def. and Characteristics

Def: cause diseases by producing toxins

1. Vary in size, shape, pathogenicity, and host-specificity

2. Shapes - rod, spirilla, cocci

3. Damage host cells with toxins

Ex) Salmonella, brucellosis, etc.

Bacteria Control Methods

Antibiotics, vaccines, culling

Protozoa Def. and Characteristics

Def: single-celled, larger than bacteria

1. Very host specific

2. Damage digestive tract lining (small intestine)

3. Hinder digestion and absorption

4. Cause diarrhea and possibly death

Ex) Coccidia

Protozoa Prevention

Coccidiostats in feeds; can treat with anticoccidial drugs in water (usually treated orally)

Fungi

1. Single-celled plants with low order of development

2. Difficult to treat; avoid molds (mycotoxins)

3. "Ringworm" caused by fungus

Roundworms

Internal parasite that creates nutritional deficiencies and may block intestines

1. Produce and release eggs in feces

2. Eggs develop into larvae

3. Larvae burrow into intestinal wall

Tapeworms

Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles (part of life cycle in secondary hosts such as arthropods, insects, slugs)

1. Head embeds in intestinal lining

2. Segments grow from head and neck with both female and male gonads

3. Eggs develop in segments

4. Segments detach from body

5. Segments and eggs spread in feces

Lice and Mites

Bite or suck blood, may cause anemia, mites burrow into hair follicles or skin

Heel Flies

1. Lay eggs on legs of cattle

2. Larvae penetrate skin

3. Migrate through connective tissues in body

4. 5-6 months later they are seen as "grubs" on cattle backs

Fleas and Ticks

Often spread diseases through contact; usually controlled by chemicals administered in a variety of ways

Antiseptics

Applied topically to animals

Disinfectants

Applied to facilities (Ex: Clorox)

Pharmeceuticals

used to treat diseases

Biologics

Used to prevent diseases (vaccines)

Active Immunity

Acquired by production of antibodies by natural exposure/recovery or by administering vaccines

Passive Immunity

Acquired by introduction of antibodies through genetic solutions, natural means (mother/offspring) or through colostrum

SQ injection

Subcutaneous: injection under the skin; skin is loose enough to pick up and inject beneath (easiest method in most animals)

IV injection

Intravenous: injection is directly into a vein; medicine gets to its target fast

IM injection

Intramuscular: medication is injected into a muscle

IP Injection

Intraperitoneal: medication is injected into the abdomen with a long needle; sometimes used as a substitute for IV when veins are hard to find

IMI injection

Intramammary: injection is into the teat cistern

What are ways to monitor sources and identification of livestock?

1. Purchase animals from other with effective herd health-management programs

2. Control exposure of animals to other people and vehicles

3. Provide clothing, boots and disinfectant to people who must be exposed to animals and facilities

4. Control insects, birds, rodents, etc. that can carry organisms

5. Keep animals out of water sources that may run across other farms

Biosecurity

preventing introduction of disease agents

Anthelmentics

drugs that are given to kill internal parasites; usually given orally (Ex: dewormer)

Nutritional Deficiencies

caused by low levels of nutrients in diet, impaired digestion/absorption, failure of body to make a nutrient it normally synthesizes

Metabolic Disorders

usually involves blockages/alterations of metabolic pathways

Toxicities

depend on toxin's/poison's effect, amount consumed and tolerance levels of animals

Visual observations of sick animals

loss of appetite, animal is depressed, ears droop, hump in back, separation from herd, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing

Vital signs of sick animal

Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate

Zoonoses (def and examples)

Def: Diseases that can be passed between animals and people

Ex: brucellosis, rabies, salmonellosis

Functions of water in plants and animals

1. Solvent

2. Nutrient transportation

3. Thermoregulation

4. Medium for chemical reactions

___% loss of water causes disruption of body functions

5

___-___% loss of water can cause death

15 - 20%

Function of Carbohydrates in plants

1. primary structural component

2. Energy storage

Function of Carbohydrates in animals

Major source of dietary energy

Monosaccharides

1 sugar molecule

a) pentoses - ribose, xylose

b) hexoses - glucose, galactose

Disaccharides

2 sugars

a) cellobiose - glucose, glucose

b) lactose - glucose, galactose

c) maltose - glucose, glucose

d) sucrose - glucose, fructose

Amylose

(starch) sugar/carbohydrate: 1-4 linkage = linear

Amylopectin

(starch) All glucose: combo of 1-4 and 1-6

Hemicellulose

Mixture of pentoses and hexoses; less digestible than starch and more digestible than cellulose

Cellulose

1. linear chains; bound together

2. constituent of cell walls (plant)

3. not digested by most animals

* cross link makes it hard

Lignin

1. not a carbohydrate

2. cellulose replaced by lignin as plant matures

3. not digestible - only by fungus

4. found in overly mature, poor quality feeds

CHON proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Protein is main structural component of _________ cells

animal

Crude Protein % =

Nitrogen x 6.25%

Protein Uses:

1. Build and repair body tissue

2. Enzymes, hormones

3. Antibodies

4. Protection (hair, nails, etc.)

Non-Essential Amino Acids

ones that can be synthesized by an organism at a rate equal to physiological needs

Essential Amino Acids

one that can not be synthesized by an organism at a rate equal to its physiological needs; must be included in the ration

Most likely amino acids to be deficient are ________ and _____________.

Lysine (deficient in corn based diets)

Methionine (deficient in soybean based diets)

PVT

Phenylalanine,Valine, Threonine

MAT

Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophan

HILL

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine

Effects of deficiency in protein

1. lower birth/growth rates

2. Reduced production

3. lower fertility

Effects of excess protein

1. Enlarged kidneys

2. Expensive

Limiting Amino Acid (LAA)

An essential amino acid present in diet in an amount less than required by the animal

First LAA

Methionine

Second LAA

Arginine

Third LAA

Tryptophan

Non-protein Nitrogen

nitrogen in a feed that is not incorporated into protein molecules

Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN) in Ruminants

Useful: can combine with carbohydrate source to make protein

Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN) in Monogastrics

Not useful; maybe toxic

Urea

Most common form of NPN; commercial nitrogen source that contains 40-45% nitrogen; not good for monogastrics

Lipids

1. composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

2. Potential for large amounts of energy

3. Primarily fats and oils (triglycerides)

4. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Example of saturated fatty acid

Solid: lard

Example of unsaturated fatty acid

Liquid: vegetable oil

Why does fat provide more energy?

More oxidation occurs with lipids due to the C:O ratio; more energy is released

Saturated fatty acids

Myristic

Palmitic

Stearic

= 15%

Unsaturated fatty acids

Oleic

Linoleic

Linolenic

Arachidonic

= 85%