BCS 2020 Human Biology Exam 3 Study Guide

Flashcards covering key concepts from the BCS 2020 Human Biology Exam 3, focusing on the Immune, Respiratory, and Nervous Systems.

Immune System

The system in the body that protects against pathogens through the coordinated functions of various cells and organs.

Pathogen

An organism or agent that causes disease, such as viruses or bacteria.

Transmissibility

The ease with which a pathogen spreads from one host to another.

Virulence

The severity of disease symptoms caused by a pathogen.

Epidemic

A disease that spreads widely within a specific region or country.

Pandemic

A disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents.

Macrophages

White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens to help in the immune response.

Vaccine

A preparation containing antigens that triggers an immune response without causing disease.

Asthma

A respiratory condition characterized by airway constriction and inflammation.

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing.

Action Potentials

Electrical impulses in neurons that result from a rapid change in membrane potential.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes a restful state and conserves energy.

Cerebellum

A brain structure important for coordination and balance, affected by alcohol.

Nearsightedness

A vision condition where distant objects appear blurry due to an abnormal eyeball length.

Olfaction

The sense of smell, detected by receptors in the nasal passages.

Allergen

A harmless substance that triggers an inappropriate immune response (allergy).

Memory Cells

Cells that persist after an infection and provide long-lasting immunity.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

Chronic Cough

A persistent cough, often resulting from respiratory problems like smoking.