America 1828-1850 (copy)

Quiz & Exam study guide

William Henry Harrison

• Won election of 1840 against Van Buren

  • Him & Whig party started rumors about Van Buren, blamed him for economic issues.

• Won 234 to 60 in electoral votes

• Only served one month

  • undressed for weather conditions

  • illness progressed to pneumonia: “lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs (double pneumonia), one lung (single pneumonia), or only certain lobes (lobar pneumonia”

  • Died April 4, 1841

Immigration

• German immigration

  • rising land cost, overcrowding, and political instability

  • moved to Northern Territiories

• Irish Immigration

  • Great hunger(potato famine)

  • settled in East Coast for industrial jobs

    • The Irish faced prejudice because of their Catlic religion

  • Moved to Southern territories

Nativism

• anti-immigration

  • immigration limits

  • only native-born whites should hold office

• anti-Catholic

• # of Nativism people declined by 1850s

Temperance Movement

• 1830s-1840s

• The banning of alcohol to ensure the stability of the family and civil society

• Women playing a active role in spreading the message

• Close ties to the Second Great Awakening

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Horace-Mann Education

• Wanting children to gallop with education

  • funded normal schools, professional teaching, and advocated public financing.

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William Lloyd Garrison

• Anti-Slavery Society; accompanied with Theodore Weld

  • argued “slavery violated the principles upon which the country had been founded, particularly the statements in the Declaration of Independence that ‘all men are created equal’ and have ‘inalienable rights’.”

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Oregon Trail

• Oregon Territory in 1848

• Strengthens U.S. claims to the region.

• Route for settlers to reach the fertile region

  • six month journey

  • traveled on “wagon trains”

• Dangers on the Road

  • Native American attacks

  • diseases

  • inclement weather

  • food and water shortages

  • wild animals

• Some settlers traded with Native Americans

Panic of 1837

• Van Buren at fault for Andrew Jacksons horrible decisions

  • effects after the Second Bank of the United States was shuttered.

Tariff of 1828

• Favored for Northern Industries

  • raised price of goods imported from Europe

• Southerners strongly opposed

  • forced to pay higher prices for goods

• Effects to the government

  • Since John Quincy Adams proposed the tariff, Southerns ruined his reputations

Spoils System

• rotation of office offices, proposed by Andrew Jackson

• hired people that favored Jackson’s party

  • wanted current generation people with fresh ideas and a passion.

Chronological Order:

Order-Mexico gaining independence from Spain; U.S. annexing Texas; Texas becoming an independent republic; thousands of settlers from the U.S. crossing the international border into Texas

1. Mexico Claiming Independence from Spain (1821)

2. Thousands of settlers from the U.S. crossing the international border into Texas (1820s-1830s)

3. Texas becoming an independent republic (1836)

4. U.S. annexing Texas (1845)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• ended the Mexican-American War, forcing Mexico to cede 55% of its territory—including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado

John Tyler

• “His Accidency”: the one who became president after William Henry Harrison.

“Pet Banks”

• state-chartered banks selected by the Andrew Jackson administration in 1833 to receive federal funds after Jackson withdrew them from the Second Bank of the United States

John C. Calhoun

• State of South Carolina

• Advocated for anti slavery, state power, and nullification

• Represented Southern states to remove the Tariff of 1828

Five Civilized Tribes

• Cherokee

• Choctaw

• Chickasaw

• Creek

• Seminole

Tariffs of Abominations

• The "Tariff of Abominations" was a high protective tariff passed in May 1828 to protect Northern industries, but it significantly harmed the Southern agricultural economy by raising prices on manufactured goods and reducing foreign demand for cotton.

  • Trigged the process of nullification

Sectionalism

• The separation in ideas between Northern and Southern States

  • the growing political, economic, and cultural division driven by the North's industrialization and the South's reliance on slave-based plantation agriculture

Worcester Vs. Georgia

• A landmark Supreme Court case in 1832 in which the Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not impose its laws on Cherokee tribal land, affirming the sovereign rights of Native American nations.

Formation of Democratic Party

• The formation of the Democratic Party marked the emergence of a political faction in the early 1830s that aimed to represent the interests of the "common man." It evolved from the Democratic-Republican Party, emphasizing agrarian interests and opposing federal power.

Henry David Thoreau

• An American author and philosopher known for his transcendentalist beliefs, particularly his work "Walden," which advocates for simple living and self-sufficiency.

Henry Clay’s American System

• A political and economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the 1820s aimed at promoting national economic development through a federal bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements such as roads and canals.

Second Great Awakening

The second religious spread among people wanting to achieve a greater society

Nullification Crisis

• The nullification crisis was a sectional political crisis in the United States in 1832 and 1833, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson,

• involved a confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government.

• It ensued after South Carolina declared the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• The treaty signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War, in which Mexico ceded a large portion of its territory to the United States, including California and New Mexico.

James K. Polk

• The 11th president of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849, known for his expansionist policies and the acquisition of territories including Oregon and California.

Second Seminole War

• The Second Seminole War (1835-1842) was a conflict in Florida between the United States and the Seminole Indian tribe.

• It was triggered by the U.S. government's attempts to forcibly remove the Seminoles from their ancestral lands to make way for American settlers.

• This war was marked by guerrilla tactics employed by the Seminoles, led by leaders such as Osceola, who fiercely resisted the U.S. military's efforts.

• Despite heavy casualties on both sides and significant financial costs for the U.S. government, the war ended without a clear victor, and many Seminoles remained in Florida. The conflict is considered one of the longest and costliest Indian wars in U.S. history.

Utopian Communities

• intentional, cooperative societies aiming for perfection in social, religious, or economic life

Types of Communities

• Religious: Shakers, Rappites, Amana Society.

• Intellectual/Transcendentalist: Brook Farm, Fruitlands.

• Socialist/Owenite: New Harmony.

• Perfectionist: Oneida

Compromise of 1850

• a series of five US laws passed in September 1850 that temporarily eased tensions between Northern and Southern states over slavery's expansion into territories gained after the Mexican-American War.

Texas Independence

• the 1835–1836 revolution where American settlers and Tejanos in Mexican Texas successfully fought to secede from Mexico, forming the independent Republic of Texas

Samuel Morse

• American artist and inventor who transformed communication by developing the electric telegraph and Morse code.

Election of 1824

• Jackson earned only a plurality of electoral votes. Thus, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams on the first ballot. John C. Calhoun, supported by Adams and Jackson, easily won the vice presidency, not requiring a contingent election in the Senate.