BYU CELL 220 Exam #1

gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

integumentary system

encloses internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors

skeletal system

supports the body and enables movement

muscular system

enables movement and helps maintain body temperature

nervous system

detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses

endocrine system

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to blood

digestive system

processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food

urinary system

controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from blood and excretes them

male reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to female

female reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, and produces milk for infant

ventral

towards the front

dorsal

towards the back

rostal

towards the head

cranial

towards the head

cephalic

towards the head

caudal

below

lateral

away from middle

medial

towards middle

proximal

towards torso (appendages)

distal

away from torso (appendages)

superficial

close to surface

deep

deep to surface

midsagittal (median) plane

divides the body into an equal left and right side

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

frons

forehead/ frontal

cranium

skull/ cranial

oris

mouth/ oral

mentis

chin/ mental

axilla

armpit/ axillary

brachium

arm/ brachial

antecubitis

front of elbow/ antecubital

antebrachium

forearm/ antebrachial

carpus

wrist/ carpal

pollex

thumb

palma

palm/ palmar

digits

phalanges or fingers/ digital or phalangeal

crus

leg/ crural

tarsus

ankle/ tarsal

auris

ear/ otic

nasus

nose/ nasal

cervicis

neck/ cervical

thorcis or thorax

chest/ thoracic

hip

coxal

inguen

groin/ inguinal

shoulder

acromial

dorsum

back/ dorsal

brachium

arm/ brachial

olecranon

back of elbow/ olecranon

lumbus

loin/ lumbar

sacrum

sacral

antebrachium

forearm/ antebrachial

manus

hand/ manual

gluteus

buttock/ gluteal

femur

thigh/ femoral

popliteus

back of knee/ popliteal

sura

calf/ sural

calcaneus

heel of foot/ calcaneal

planta

sole of foot/ plantar

cephalon

head/ cephalic

cervicis

neck/ cervical

ventral body cavity

both thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

mucous membranes

line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

serous membranes

line cavities close to the exterior of the body that reduces friction; peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

cutaneous membranes

skin

synovial membranes

line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

pre-embryonic period

weeks 1-2

embryonic period

weeks 3-8

fetal period

weeks 9-38

process of egg implantation

ovulation-->oocyte-->fertilization-->zygote-->morula-->blastocyst-->implantation

blastocyst

components of trophoblast

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

functions of trophoblast

burrows into uterine lining during implantation, builds chorion that surrounds embryo and fetus, helps to form placenta

embryonic period signs

primitive streak forms, gastrulation, body folding, neurulation, limb buds form, organogenesis

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

organogenesis

organ development follows gastrulation and body folding, upper and lower limbs form, rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8, embryo is approximately one inch long by week 8

fetal period sign

growth and maturation of existing organs

histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

cell functions

form layers to cover surfaces, storage of nutrients and energy, produce movement, create connections, protect body against pathogens, communicate information, reproduction

plasma membrane

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.

cytoplasm components

cytosol and organelles

nucleus makeup

chromatin

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

epithelial tissue

lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

epithelial tissue characteristics

Highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix

Polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface

Attachment to a basement membrane

Avascular (blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue)

Regeneration (high regenerative capacity)

epithelial functions

physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations

simple squamous epithelium

one flat cell layer

stratified squamous epithelium

1+ flat cell layer

simple cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped single cell layer

stratified cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped 1+ cell layer