Metalanguage

elements of context

function, register, tenor, field, mode, setting, purpose and cultural context

setting

physical space or published/boardcast

field

topic or subject

tenor

tone/mood

register

level of formality

mode

spoken or written

cultural context

norm or exception of society on what is happening in text

function

Jakobsons 6 functions of language

what are the 6 jakobsons functions of language

referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic

referential function

conveys information

How to know if something is referential

Use of declarative sentences

emotive function

Conveys emotion

How to know if something is emotive

Interjections

conative

Command or address

phatic

establishes a social connection

metalinguistic

talks about language itself

poetic

brings in the aesthetic dimension

Phonology

Prosodic features and connected speech features

the 4 types of connected speech features

elision, vowel reduction, insertion and assimilation

Elision

Removal of a sound

Vowel reduction

when a vowel is reduced, usually schwa

Insertion

when an additional sound is added between two vowel sounds

Assimilation

when a sound changes to become more like a surrounding sound

the 5 prosodic features

TVIPS - tempo, volume, intonation, pitch and stress

tempo

Speed of our speech with the use of pauses or discourse particles

volume

volume of our speech, loud or quiet

intonation

the rise and fall in our speech

pitch

the height of our voice, high or low

stress

Emphasis on words

Morphology

Morphemes

the 2 types of morphemes

free and bound morphemes

free morpheme

stand alone as whole words, can not be broken down further

bound morpheme and its 2 types

must be connected to a free morpheme to have meaning, derivational and inflectional morpheme

derivational morphemes

change the meaning of a word or change the part of speech the word belongs to but retains the same meaning

inflectional morphemes

give grammatical information about the free morpheme

the 5 types inflectional and their meanings

all s on noun (plural), 's (possessive), s on verb (3rd person) ed (past tense), ing (present continuous tense), en (past tense), er (comparative) and est (superlative)

Lexicology

Word classes

5 types open class words

noun, adjective, verb, adverb and interjection

noun

people, place, thing, concept

adjective

describe nouns

verb

actions or state of being

adverb

describes verb

interjection

express emotion e.g. oh!, eww!

The 6 types of closed class words

determiner, conduction, pronoun, preposition, auxiliary verb and modal auxiliary verb

determiner and examples

help to specify what you mean e.g. a, this, the, that, my

conjunction and the 2 types

join words, phases and clauses, coordinating and subordinating

coordinating conjunctions

FANBOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so

pronoun and examples

replaces nouns or noun phases e.g. I, you, me, they, their, she, he

preposition and examples

explain relationships between nouns e.g. on, before

auxiliary verb and examples

help the main verb by assisting in forming tense e.g. have, are, do

modal auxiliary verb and examples

type of auxiliary verb, possibility of main verb occurring e.g. might, should

prefix vs suffix

prefix - start of word and suffix - end of word

Syntax

Phrases and clauses and sentence types

subject

Doer of verb

clauses and the 2 types

contains a subject (can be implied) and a verb, independent and dependent clauses

independent clause

express a complete thought which means they can stand on their own as a complete sentence

dependent clause

rely on independent to express complete thought, therefore can not stand alone

phrases

a group of words that do not contain a subject and verb combo

adjective phrases

contain an adjective and any words adding to that adjective

noun phrase

contain a noun and contain a noun or pronoun

verb phrase

contain a verb and any linking words

prepositional phrase

begins with a preposition and functions an adjective or adverb

adverbial phrase

adverb in a sentence by modifying a verb, adjective and adverb or whole clause

the sentence types

declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative

declarative sentences

typically makes statements

structure of declarative sentences

subject + verb phrase at start

interrogative sentences and 2 types

typically makes question, open and closed

open interrogatives structure

wh-word + auxiliary verb + subject at start

closed interrogatives structure

auxiliary verb + subject + verb at start

imperative sentences

typically a command

imperative structure

verb phrase at start with implied subject

exclamative sentences and 2 types

typically makes exclamatory/emotion-filled remarks, what and how

what exclamative structure

what + noun phrase + noun phrase + verb

how exclamative structure

how + adjective + noun phrase + verb

the 3 sentence types

fragment, simple and compound

fragment

no verb

simple

one clause

compound

two clauses joined by a coordinating conjunctions

spoken vs written language advantages and disadvantages

spoken - less formal, sounds, non-verbal, interaction and written - formal, structure, effective over long distance, rehearsed

Discourse and pragmatics

paralinguistic features, spoken discourse features and spoken discourse strategies

the 2 types of paralinguistic features

non-verbal communication and vocal effects

examples of non-verbal communication

gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and body stance

examples of vocal effect

coughs. laughter, whispering, sighs, breathiness and creakiness

6 spoken discourse features

openings & closings, adjacency pairs, minimal response, overlapping speech, discourse particles and non fluency features

openings and closings

openings - start of conversation and closings - end of conversation

adjacency pairs

one statement or question will trigger a response e.g. openings, thank you, compliment, apology

minimal response

signals that we are listening to and following along to an interlocutor through little sounds or words e.g. mmm, yeah, uhah, hmm, laughter, etching, non verbal communication

overlapping speech

talking overtop of one another in a conversation e.g. in [ ]

discourse particles (hedging)

little filters we insert in our speech for a particular purpose e.g. like, yeah-no, omg, anyway, kind of, I guess

non-fluency features

pauses, filled pauses and voiced hesitation e.g. pauses - (.) or filled passes - um, ah, er

compounding morphemes

combining two free mophemes

the 4 types spoken discourse strategies

topic management, turn-taking, management of repair sequences and code switching

topic management

controlling the topic of conversation

3 types of turn-taking

taking the floor - signal that we wish to take the floor with some sort of discourse particle, holding the floor - maintaining your turn in a conversation and passing the floor - passing conversation to another speaker

management of repair sequences and the 4 types

due to spontaneous nature and adjusting or clarifying what we intend to say, self initiated self repair - realising your own mistake and correcting it on your own, self initiated other repair - noticing your own mistake and inviting someone else to correct it, other initiated self repair - the listener highlights the mistake and the speaker makes the correction and other initiated other repair - listener indicates the mistake and provides the correction

code switching

choosing to switch between languages in different social situations

what do you always give when providing an example in sac

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