AP World History Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

Song Dynasty

- the Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts rather than military.

What years did the Song Dynasty last from?

960-1279

What dynasty replaced the Tang Dynasty in 960?

the Song Dynasty

Imperial Bureaucracy

- A vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's policies

- has been a feature of the Chinese government since the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE)

Emperor Song Taizu

Song emperor who expanded Chinese education to the young men of lower classes, which increased government positions

What were Chinese civil service exams based on?

Confucian principles and texts

Meritocracy

a system in which people obtain their positions by demonstrating their merit on the Chinese civil service exams

How did the bureaucracy during the Song dynasty contribute to the empire's weakness?

bureaucracy gets larger = more jobs and paying people a lot = increased costs of government = decreasing China's surplus wealth

Grand Canal

A inexpensive and efficient canal the linked northern and southern China and allowed China, under the Song Dynasty, to become the most populous trading area in the world

Champa Rice

- a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that expanded agricultural production in China

- sometimes allowed farmers to have a summer and winter crop of rice

Where did Champa Rice come from?

the Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam

What percent did China's population increase by compared to the world population during the Song Dynasty?

from 25% to 40% of the world population

What innovative methods of production did the Chinese use that contributed to agricultural success?

- manure on fields to enrich soil

- irrigation systems using ditches, water wheels, pumps, and terraces

- heavy plows allowed usable land to be cultivated

When did China discover coal?

4th century BCE

What did China originally call coal?

"black earth"

What did the discovery of coal allow China to do?

produce greater amounts of cast iron goods and later the Chinese learned how to take the carbon out of cast iron and manufacture steel

What did China use steel for?

- to make or reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors

- to make religious items, such as pagodas and Buddhist figurines

- to strengthen agricultural equipment

Proto-Industrialization

- economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell

- relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment

Artisans

Skilled craftworkers

Why was porcelain highly desired?

it was light-weight but strong and was light-colored, so it could be easily painted on with elaborate designs

Tributary System

An arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor

When did the origins of the tributary system exist?

during the Han Dynasty

Kowtow

a Chinese ritual of bowing your head until it touched the floor as a sign of respect or submission

Zheng He

led tremendous fleet to demonstrate the power of the emperor and to receive tribute

Scholar Gentry

- the Chinese class of men educate in Confucian phliosophy

- many bureaucrats were chosen from this class

- became the most influential social class in China

What 3 classes ranked below the scholar gentry?

farmers, artisans, and merchants

Foot Binding

- a common practice among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty in which young girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones didn't grow naturally

- restricted women's ability to move, so they couldn't participate in public affairs

What did foot binding signify?

social status, something suitors desired

When was foot binding banned?

1912

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

Woodblock Printing

a type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page

How did Buddhism come to China?

via the Silk Road

What 3 forms of Buddhism come from India to Asia

Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan

What did Theravada Buddhism focus on?

- personal spiritual growth through silent mediation and self-discipline

- was strongest in southeast Asia

What did Mahayana Buddhism focus on?

- spiritual growth for all beings and on service

- was strongest in China and Korea

What did Tibetan Buddhism focus on?

- chanting

- strongest in Tibet

Four Noble Truths

- the foundation of Buddhism

- stresses the idea that personal suffering can be relived by giving up desires and possessions, and by following the teachings of the Buddha

Eightfold Path

the path one must follow to achieve enlightenment or nirvana / Buddhism

How did monks successfully introduce Buddhism to China?

- by connecting Buddhist beliefs Daoist principles

- Ex. Buddhist idea of dharma = dao ("the way")

Syncretic

a mix of different religions or cultures

Chan Buddhism / Zen Buddhism

- the syncretic version of Buddhism and Daoism

- emphasized direct experience and mediation

Filial Piety

- the Confucian idea that its the duty of family members to respect and be subordinate to the male head of the family and the ruler

- emphasis on respect for one's elders

Neo-Confucianism

- a syncretic system that combined Confucianism and rational thought with ideas of Daoism and Buddhism

- evolved in China between 770 and 840 (Tang Dynasty?)

What was world's first novel and who wrote it?

The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (Japanese)

What were peasants known as in Japan?

serfs

How was Japanese feudalism similar to European feudalism.

both had very little social mobility and both systems were built upon hereditary hierarchies

What were the 3 groups of Japanese feudalism?

serfs, samurai, and daimyos

What were the 3 groups of European feudalism?

serfs, knights, and nobles

Code of Chivalry

- a code of behavior that knights followed

- with duty to countrymen, duty to God, and duty to women

Bushido

the feudal Japanese code of honor among samurai that stressed frugality, loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death

Minamoto Clan

a powerful land-owning family that took charge of Japan when the Heian court declined and installed a shogun in 1192

What aspects of Chinese politics and culture were emulated in Korea?

Chinese-style of centralized government, Confucian and Buddhist beliefs, Chinese wiring system

How was Vietnamese culture different from Chinese culture?

- Vietnamese women had greater independence in their married lives

- the Chinese loved in extended families while the Vietnamese preferred nuclear families

Nuclear Family

a family made up of just parents and their children

Polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam

When did Muhammad die?

632

House of Wisdom

a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s

Mamluks

- enslaved people forced to serve as Arab soldiers and later as bureaucrats

- were frequently ethnic Turks from Central Asia

- had more opportunities for advancement than most slaves

Mamluk Sultanate

established by Mamluks in 1250 who seized control of the Egyptian government

Crusaders

European Christian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled

Mongols

- people from Central Asia that conquered the Abbasid Empire in 1258 and end Seljuk rule

- created the largest single land empire in history

What culture shaped most Islamic states?

Turkic culture

What did Islamic scholars do?

- translated Greek literary classics into Arabic

- studied math text from India and transferred the knowledge to Europeans

- adopting paper-making techniques from China and taught Europeans

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

- a Persian Islamic scholar that contributed to astronomy noms, law, logic, ethics, math, philosophy, and medicine

- helped build the most advanced observatory in the world which produced the most accurate astronomical charts

'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

- Female Sufi poet and mystic

- her best-known work, a long poem honoring Muhammad called "Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted one," refers to many previous poets

- her poetry reflects a contrast between most Muslims and Sufis

What was the difference between Muslims and Sufis?

Muslims focused on intellectual pursuits while Sufis emphasized self examination and reflection to grasp truths that they believed couldn't be understood through learning

Sufis

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

What people did Islam prohibit Muslims from enslaving?

other Muslims or monothesists

Hijab

A head covering worn in public by Muslim women or the practice of dressing modestly

How did Muhammad raise the status of women?

- he treated his wives with love and devotion, insisted that dowries be paid to the future wife rather than her father, and forbade female infanticide

- his first wife was educated and owned her own business

In what ways did Islamic women have higher status than Christian or Jewish women?

- could inherit property and retain ownership after marriage

- could remarry if widowed and could get a cash settlement if divorced

-could practice birth control

Al-Andalus

- Islamic state in Spain

- was a center of learning

What ended the so-called Golden Age of Classical Era of Indian History?

the collapse of the Gupta Dynasty in 550

Vijayanagara Empire

- Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565)

- began when 2 brothers, Harihara and Bukka, when sent to this area by the Delhi Sultanate to extend its rule, but instead, they embraced their birth religion of Hinduism and established their own Hindu Kingdom

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of multiple clans who were often at war with each other

Why were Rajput kingdoms vulnerable to Muslim attacks?

because they were often at war, no centralized government was formed

Delhi Sultanate

- the first Islamic government established within India

- (1206-1520 or 1526)

- controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi

Jizya

a tax imposed on non-Muslim subjects in a Islamic state

How did Hindus react to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate?

some Hindus covered to Islam, while others resented Muslims and considered them foreigners especially because of the jizya

What are some differences between Hinduism and Islam?

- Hinduism is polytheistic and Islam is strictly monotheistic

- Hindu temples and artwork have pictures of deities, while Muslims disapprove e of any visual representation of Allah

- Hinduism has the caste system, while Islam called for the equality of all believers

- Hindus have many sacred texts, while Muslims only look to the Quran

Proselytize

to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause

Why did Islam attract low-caste Hindus?

low-caste Hindus hoped that conversion would improve their social status, but that usually didn't work

Qutub Minar

- a huge leaning tower and India's tallest structure today

- built during the Delhi Sultanate

- it is a famous example of the melding of Hindu art with the geometric patterns preferred by Islamic architecture (syncretism in architecture)

Urdu

- a language with the grammatical pattern of Hindu and the vocab of Arabic and some elements or Farsi

- developed along the Muslims of South Asia

- the official language of Pakistan

Bhakti Movement

a movement that started in southern India during the 12th century that emphasized developing a strong attachment to a deity rather than studying texts or performing rituals

Why was the Bhakti Movement popular among believers?

it didn't discriminate against women or people of low social status

How were the Bhakti's similar to Sufi Muslims?

- were mystical movements

- emphasized inner reflection to achieve a direct relationship with a deity

- less emphasis on adhering to strict rules and traditions

- appealed to people outside their traditions

Srivijaya Empire

- an Indonesian Hindu sea-based empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia

- built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China

- (670-1025)

Majapahit Kingdom

- a Buddhist Southeast Asian sea-based kingdom based on Java

- (1293-1520)

- gained and sustained power by controlling sea routes

- had 98 tributes at its height

Sinhala Dynasties

- a Buddhist Southeast Asian land-based kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka

- became a center of Buddhist study

Khmer Empire (Angkor Kingdom)

- a Southeast Asian land-based kingdom near the Mekong River

- prospered economically from good irritation and drainage

- capital at Angkor Thom

- invaded and forced out by the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1413

Sukhothai Kingdom

- a kingdom in Thailand from - (1238-1438)

- invaded the Khmer Kingdom in 1413 and forced them out

Maya city-states

- was the main form of Mayan government

- each king ruled an area consisting of a city and its surround territory (when there was no male heir, women ruled)

- wars between city -states was common

What did each Mayan king claim to be and what did Mayans believe about it?

each Mayan king claimed to be descended from a god and Mayans believed that when the king died, he would become one with his ancestor-god

What innovation did the Mayans achieve?

- incorporated the concept of zero in their number system

- developed a complex writing system

- learned to make rubber out out of liquid collected from rubber plants

What were Mayan science and religion linked through?

astronomy

Aztec Empire

- Central American empire constructed by the Aztecs (Mexicas)

Tenochtitlan

- capital of the Aztec Empire

- located on an island in Lake Texcoco

- constructed in 1325

- modern day Mexico City

Chinampas

floating gardens made by the Aztecs