AP Psych Final

Psychiatry

specialty in medical field

When did Psychology become a science

1879

Who is the father of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

Who created structuralism

Wundt

Structuralism

building blocks, objective sensations reflect outside world, subjective emotional responses and mental images

Functionalism

emphasizes how mental processes help people adapt to their environment in everyday situations

Who created functionalism

William James

Stream of consciousness

natural flow of thought, mind is flexible and fluid

Perceptual blindness

someone fails to see stimulus in plain sight due to lack of attention

Behaviorism

study of observable behavior

Who created behaviorism

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

reinforcement

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning on dogs

Biological

focus on body, brain, and nervous system

Neuropsychology

single patient, cannot be replicated in lab

Charles Darwin

natural selection

Psychodynamic

unconscious thought

Who founded psychodynamic

Freud

According to Freud what is the unconscious mind driven by

sex and aggression

Psychoanalysis

“talking cure”

Humanism

positive qualities, capacity for positive growth, freedom to choose own destiny; “third force”

Maslow

hierarchy of needs

How many levels are in the hierarchy of needs

5

What levels were added to the hierarchy of needs

cognitive, ascetic, transcendence

Kohlberg

theory of moral development

Cognitive

emphasizes how we direct attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems

Sociocultural

society and cultures influence behavior

What is psychology blind to

culture’s influence on people’s behaviors

Hawthorne effect

tendency of research subjects to change their behavior as result of awareness of being watched

Descriptive research

determine phenomenon’s basic dimensions

Little Hans

Hans phobia of horses as way to prove 5 stages of psychosexual development

Nun study

link between happiness and longevity

Rosenthal

rats in “maze bright” and “maze dull”

Kill it or I will

compliance to do actions more interesting than expressions

Dr. Ewen Cameron

cure for schizophrenia; megadoses of LSD, sleep therapy for 65 days, 16hr intervals of electroshock therapy 75x more than normal

Demikhov

2 headed dog

What was the brain termed in phrenology

organ of the soul

Innate abilities

mammalian dive reflex, must learn things

Genie Wild Child

feral; no grasp of language or other abilities

Hindbrain

HR, respiration, balance

Midbrain

vision and hearing

Forebrain

thought and emotion

Sensory cortex

receives incoming touch sensations from body

2 regions of Parietal lobe

sensory perception and integration of sensory input

Visual cortex

interprets messages from our eyes into images we can understand

Which lobe is the smallest

occipital

Temporal lobe

processes sound sensed by our ears

Myth about Lt and Rt brain

Lt more creative, Rt more logical

How much percent of the brain is a person’s body weight

2%

How much percent of the brain is water

73%

What age is the brain fully developed

25

Neuroplasticity

ability to constantly change structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

Cluster headache

0.5%, severe around eyes and temples

NDPH

new daily persistent headache; 1 in 20

Types of strokes

ischemic(blood clot), hemorrhagic(bleeding)

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy; incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by repetitive head trauma to brain

Zac Easter

suffered CTE, took own life, wished to have brain studied

Original name of lobotomy

leucotomy

What tool did they later use in leucotomies

leucotome

When was the lobotomy rebranded

1936 by Walter Freeman

Chris Benoit

concussions, steroid abuse, double murder-suicide

What did Chris Benoit’s autopsy show

brain of an 85yr old, similar to Alzheimer’s patient

Pituitary gland

master gland, growth and behavior hormones

Thyroid gland

metabolism

Adrenal gland

secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development

Lesioning

destroying part of brain

Sensation

stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of info to CNS

Perception

interpretation and elaboration of sensation

McGurk effect

interaction between vision and hearing in speech perception

Absolute threshold

minimal amount of stimulus that can be sensed

Difference threshold

smallest difference between stimuli is always constant

Subliminal threshold

stimuli below level of conscious awareness

Supraliminal

above threshold

What sense is the most dominant

vision

Pupils

adjusts to amount of light emtering eye

Lens

adjusts to distance of objects by changing its thickness

Cornea

refracts light

Retina

surface of eye made of neurons, photoreceptors sent to occipital lobe

Rods

only sensitive to brightness of light, see black, white, and grey

Cones

provide color vision, concentrated in fovea

Fovea

sharpest vision, highest concentration of rods and cones

Optic nerve

carries visual info from retina to brain

Blind spot

point where optic nerve exits the eye and no photoreceptors

Visual acuity

sharpness of vision

Myopia

shape of eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina; nearsighted

Hyperopia

focus point behind retina; farsighted

What percent of colorblindness is red and green

99%

Trichromatic theory

cannot distinguish between red, green, and blue

Opponent process theory

see color through process that works against each other

Gestalt psychology

whole is greater than parts

Pinna

outer ear, collects sound

Eardrum

thin membrane covering opening into middle part of ear

Ossicles

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Cochlea

bony tube that moves in response to vibrations

Conduction deafness

damage to middle ear bones

Nerve deafness

damage to middle ear, cochlear implants

Tinnitus

ringing in one’s ear caused by infection or loud noise

5 basic tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

How many receptors are on each pappilae

20

What is touch a combination of

pressure, temperature, pain