OPENSTAX Comp Sci Vocab 1

OPENSTAX Intro to Comp Sci

adversarial attack

a sample input that is designed to cause a system to behave problematically

algorithm

a sequence of precise instructions

artificial intelligence

development of computer functions to perform tasks, such as visual perception and decision-making processes, that usually are performed by human intelligence

big data

very large datasets that aren’t easily processed using spreadsheets

computational science

application of computing concepts and technologies to advance scientific research and practical applications of science knowledgeco

computer program

algorithms that can be run on a computerc

computer science

study of the phenomena surrounding computers

computing

all phenomena related to computers

data science

interdisciplinary field that applies computing toward managing data and extracting information from data

hardware

physical, real-world materials that enable computationh

human-computer interaction

subfield of computer science that emphasizes the social aspects of computation

image recognition

problem of identifying objects in an image

information science

interdisciplinary field studying information technologies and systems as they relate to people, organizations, and societies

memory

means of addressing information in a computer by storing it in consistent locations

network

various technological devices that are connected and share information

neural network

AI algorithm architecture that emphasizes connections between artificial “neurons” whose behavior and values change in response to stimulus or input

processor

computer’s “brain",” that follows instructions from algorithms and processes data

programming language

language consisting of symbols and instructions that can be interpreted by a computer

social determination of technology

belief that technologies are inherently neutral, and that it is the people who use a technology who ultimately make it “good” or “bad”

software

algorithmic principles that determine how results are computed

software engineering

subfield of computer science that emphasizes how problems can be solved with computers as well as the practices and processes that can help people design more effective software solutions

spreadsheet

data-centric programming environment where data is organized into cells in a table

storage

hardware and physical components of a computer that permanently house a computer’s datat

technological fix

idea that technologies can solve social problems, but now often used to critique blind faith in technological solutions to human problemsth

theoretical computer science

mathematical processes behind software

Turing-complete

fundamental model for computing results and every computer has the ability to run any algorithm

vacuum tube

physical device that works like a light bulb used as memory in early digital computers