AP Euro Chapter 23 Vocab/Concepts

Growth of industrial prosperity

Gave the Western world steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum, and new industries/tech

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of time from the late 1800s to early 1900s where nations adopted rapidly advancing technology

Using steel

People replaced iron with steel

• Was lighter and stronger, allowing for more complex machines

• Also improves military equipment and railroads

• Germany, Britain, France, Belgium, and the U.S. were the largest producers of steel (U.S. was the biggest by 1890)

Chemicals

• Great Britain eventually fell behind in steel production and chemical production (still used old methods)

• Germany controlled 90% of dye-stuffs, also leading the market in photographs, film, sodas used in textiles, soap, and paper

Public electricity

• First commercial generators developed in the 1870s

• Great Britain builds first public power station in 1881

• By 1910, hydroelectric and coal-fired steam plants powered entire districts

• The first electric railway is installed in Berlin in 1879, and by the 1880s, streetcars began to replace private cars

• Nations not rich in coal could now use electricity, power cranes, conveyor belts, machines, and tools

Electrical inventions

• The light bulb was invented independently at the same time by Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

• Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone in 1876, which requires operators to route calls

• Guglielmo Merconi sends first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901

Internal combustion emngine

• Gas and air-powered by 1878

• Oil-powered by 1897

• Light engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler in 1886 is key to the development of the automobile

  • There were 9000 cars by 1900, America leading production by 1906

  • By 1916, Henry Ford (1863-1947) and his mass production methods allowed his factories to produce more than 735,000 cars a year

• Zeppelin airships in 1900 started air transport

  • In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright had their first flight in a gasoline engine and after WWI, passenger flights were available by 1919

New markets

People in Europe got higher wages and the price of food decreased

• Created more spending power and demand for consumer goods

  • Led to the department store, which could be lit up by lights and sell clocks, bikes, electronics, etc.

Rising prices

• Many countries placed tariffs to protect their customers from foreign markets, but this upped prices

• Cartels also restricted flow of goods and increased prices

Larger factories

Larger factories brought greater cost savings

• Bulk orders, automation, cranes, machines, and modern transportation, as well as interchangeable parts increases profits

Shifts in the industrial economy

1878-1895 was considered a time of great depression, but after, 1895-1914 was a Golden Age called La Belle Epoque

Germán industrial leadership

• British did not adapt to newer methods, but Germans did and were more successful

• Germans begin to create Doctorate programs, with 3,000-4,000 experts a year by 1900

European economic zones

• Germany, Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, northern Italy, and the western Austro-Hungarian Empire were industrialized and had a higher standard of living

• The eastern Austro-Hungarian Empire, southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, Russia, and the Balkan kingdoms were not as lucky

Food production in the Second Industrial Revolution

• Grain and cheaper transportation drove down food prices

  • This hurt nations selling the foods, which implemented tariffs and made Farm Cooperatives

Farm Cooperatives

Combinations of farms to make large-scale ones in order to maximize profits

Spread of industrialization

After 1870, industrialization spread to countries like Russia and Jaoan

• These countries would go through the process of bad working conditions

World Economy

Europeans were able to sell advanced goods to the world, but could also import goods from others

Women and work

Women were once again not considered part of the workforce and had to stay home to take care of children

• If they did work, it was in Sweatshops in bad conditions with very low wages

White-collar jobs

• Any job in the office that is not manual labor

• After 1870, jobs opened up and women were employed as shop clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks, salesclerks, telephone operators, and nurses

Prostitution

• Many lower-class women who could not find white-collar jobs

• Estimated there were 60,000 in London alone in 1885

• British government passes the Contagious Diseases Act, inspecting them for disease and imprisoning those with STIs

  • Reformed by Josephine Butler (1828-1906), who said it was unfair because it did not punish the men

Socialist parties

• The SPP, the German Social Democrats Party, was led by Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel based on Marxist ideals (became largest party with 4 million votes in 1912)

• French Socialism was led by Jean Jaures based on the ideas of the French Revolution

• In 1889, leaders from socialist parties form the Second International

  • Created May Day (May 1) to protest, strike, and hold demonstrations

  • Revisionism (Evolutionary socialism) and nationalism caused the organization major problems

Evolutionary socialism

Did not rely on violent overthrow but instead using democratic means

Marxism vs. nationalism

Many socialists believed nationalism would not be present in a classless society, but people fought for their nations in WWI

Trade unions

• Strongest in England

• Protected rights of working class using strikes

• Anarchists

• Non-violent at first, just anti-government

• By late 1800s, became violent, assassinating:

  • Russian Tsar in 1881

  • French President in 1894

  • King of Italy in 1900

  • President McKinley in 1901

European population growth

• Went from 270 million in 1850 to 470 million in 1910

• Smallpox vaccines were developed

• Better housing and sewers reduced cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea

• Pasteurization makes dairy safer

Emigration

Population grew but small countries did not have enough jobs for more people

• From 1846-1932, 60 million people left places like Hungary, Romania, and Spain (30 million went to U.S.)

• The others went to places like France and Germany

Transformation of the urban environment

• In 1800, 21 cities had populations over 100,000

• By 1900 there were 147 cities with over 100,000 people

Improving living conditions

• Edwin Chadwick of Britain and Solomon Neumann of Germany pushed for reforms on conditions during the 1840s

  • Led to the Public Health Act of 1875 in Great Britain, which required sewers to be put in all-new buildings

  • By 1880, water heaters appear

Housing needs

Germany and Great Britain wanted to improve crowded living conditions

• In 1890 Britain allowed town councils to use taxes to construct public housing for the poor

• There was always more demand for supply and programs were unsuccessful

Redesigning cities

Old walls were torn down from the age of stone castles, which were now useless and restricting cities

• Vienna and Paris were redone and streets were widened

Upper classes

• 5% of the population, but had 30-40% of the money

• Aristocrats (royals) were prominent before, but by 1900-1914 they were only 27% of the top millionaires and the Plutocrats (businessmen) had taken over

  • Over time they intermarried, creating ultra-elite children with titles and money

Middle classes

• Were top-end law, medical, and decent industrialists, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists, and business owners

• Also were shopkeepers, traders, manufacturers, wealthy peasants, bookkeepers, telephone operators, bank tellers, and secretaries

• Great Britain is model for middle class and appreciates wealth

Lower classes

• About 80% of European population

• Many were farmers at first, but many became factory workers

  • Only 10% of Great Britain’s population worked in agriculture by late 1800s

• People worked in construction, in factories, and as domestic servants

  • About 1 in every 7 people was a domestic servant, who were usually women

• Spending power increased and leisure markets grew in U.S. and Europe

Role of women

Late 1800s to 1950s saw women as homemakers, as they raised children, although some lower-class women still had to work

Marriage and domesticity

Women often pursued marriage as main goal in life

• Non-married women had to work hard jobs and earned less money then men

Birth rates and birth control

• Fewer children are born in late 1800s

• People had fewer children because they did not live on farms, survived longer, and family planning became important

  • Dr. Aletta Jacob establishes first birth control clinic in 1882 in Amsterdam

Middle-class families

• Men got money, women took care of children and did household tasks, unless they could afford a servant

• Holidays became family-based and not just drinking for adults

• Kids were able to dress like kids and enjoy childhood without work

• Girls were taught how to bring the family together (singing, dancing, etc.)

• Middle-class people worked hard to appear like they weren’t working hard

Boy Scouts

• Formed to help boys “toughen up” and become patriotic and masculine (also trained soldiers)

  • Formed in Great Britain in 1908 and became popular in the U.S.

  • Kept boys away from immoral things and social dangers

Working-class families

• Before, women would work odd jobs and children would get jobs by 9 or 10 to bring in extra income

• Between 1890 and 1914, living standards improved so the children no longer had to work as much and could spend time together

Mass education

More and more people attended secondary school or even college and the middle classes wanted a better education for better pay

Universal elementary education

In the west, boys and girls aged 6-12 all had education by 1900

• Often controlled by nation, but nevertheless supported by both Liberals and Conservatives to increase