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What is Research Design?

The comprehensive plan or framework that outlines the approach, methods, and procedures for conducting a research project, guiding it from formulation to data analysis.

What are the three main aspects that ensure a good research design?

Consistency, Reliability, and Validity are essential principles that ensure the research process yields trustworthy and applicable results.

What is Internal Validity?

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately reflects the true causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, without interference from confounding factors.

What is External Validity?

External validity measures the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized or applied to settings, people, or situations beyond the specific conditions of the experiment.

What does Rigor in research design refer to?

Rigor indicates the strict adherence to logical and methodological standards in research, ensuring the study's design contributes to the accuracy and credibility of the findings.

What is a Descriptive Research Design?

A research design aimed at systematically detailing characteristics of a population or phenomenon without actively interfering, focusing on observation and documentation.

What is Correlation Research Design?

A research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables to determine if they are statistically related, without implying causality.

How do you differentiate correlation from causation?

Correlation indicates a relationship or association between two variables; causation implies that one variable directly influences or causes changes in another variable.

What is an Experimental Research Design?

An experimental research design involves manipulating one or more independent variables to assess their effect on a dependent variable, allowing for causal inferences.

What are Confounding Variables?

Confounding variables are extraneous factors that can influence both the independent and dependent variables, potentially skewing the results of a study.

What is the significance of Random Assignment in experiments?

Random assignment minimizes bias by ensuring that every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any experimental group, promoting comparability across groups.

What characterizes Quasi-Experimental Research?

Quasi-experimental research investigates causal relationships using groups that cannot be randomly assigned, often due to ethical or practical considerations.

What does the Hawthorne Effect refer to?

The Hawthorne Effect describes the alteration of behavior by study participants due to their awareness of being observed or part of an experiment.

What is the purpose of a Control Group?

The control group serves as a baseline for comparison against the experimental group, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

What is the minimum sample size recommended for quantitative research?

For quantitative research, a minimum sample size of 30 data points is often recommended to ensure sufficient statistical power for analysis.

What is the role of Reliability in research?

Reliability in research indicates the degree to which a study produces stable and consistent results across different instances or conditions.

What are the two types of validity in research design?

Internal validity assesses the accuracy of results within the confines of the study, while external validity evaluates how well those results can be applied to broader contexts.

What is Measurement in the context of variables?

Measurement involves defining and quantifying how variables will be assessed or categorized, forming the basis for data collection and analysis.

What does the term Directionality refer to in research?

Directionality indicates whether a relationship between variables is positive (both variables increase together) or negative (one variable increases as the other decreases).

Define the term Bias in research studies.

Bias encompasses any systematic error in data collection, analysis, or interpretation that can lead to incorrect conclusions or distort the validity of the study.

What are the features of a true experiment?

A true experiment is characterized by control over variables, manipulation of the independent variable, random selection of participants, and random assignment to groups.

What is a Hypothesis in research?

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the expected relationship between two or more variables based on theoretical foundations.

What is Qualitative Research Design?

Qualitative research design focuses on exploring and understanding complex social phenomena through methods like interviews, focus groups, and content analysis.

What is Quantitative Research Design?

Quantitative research design emphasizes the collection and analysis of numerical data, often employing statistical tools to test hypotheses and evaluate relationships.

What are Primary and Secondary Data?

Primary data is information gathered firsthand for a specific research purpose, while secondary data is pre-existing data collected for a different study or purpose.

What is a Cross-Sectional Study?

A cross-sectional study assesses data from a population at a single point in time, allowing for the comparison of different groups or variables.

What is a Longitudinal Study?

A longitudinal study examines data collected from the same subjects over a lengthy period, allowing researchers to observe changes and trends over time.

Define the term Statistical Significance.

Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that the results observed in a study are not due to chance and represent a true effect in the population.

What is a Research Question?

A research question articulates the specific focus of a study, guiding the research design, methodology, and analysis, aimed at addressing a knowledge gap.

What is Data Collection in research?

Data collection refers to the systematic gathering of information from various sources to answer the research question and achieve study objectives.

What are Ethics in research?

Ethics in research encompasses principles governing the conduct of research, ensuring participants' rights, dignity, and welfare are respected and protected.

What is the purpose of a Literature Review?

A literature review synthesizes existing research on a topic to provide context, justify the study, and identify gaps where the current research contributes.

Define the term Sampling Error.

Sampling error is the difference between the sample results and the actual values in the population, often due to the sample not being representative.

What is a Mixed Methods Research Design?

Mixed methods research design combines qualitative and quantitative research approaches in a single study to enhance understanding and broaden perspective.

What is the significance of the Central Limit Theorem?

The Central Limit Theorem states that the distribution of sample means will approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, regardless of the population's distribution.

What is the role of a Research Proposal?

A research proposal outlines a planned study's objectives, methodology, and significance, serving as a detailed plan to secure funding or academic approval.

What are Dependent and Independent Variables?

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable, which is measured to determine if it is influenced.

What is a Case Study?

A case study provides an in-depth exploration of a particular individual, group, or event to gain comprehensive insights and understand complex issues in real-life contexts.

What is Theoretical Framework in research?

A theoretical framework consists of existing theories and models that guide the research design, helping to refine the research question and interpret findings.

What does the term Outcome Measure refer to in research?

An outcome measure is a specific metric or indicator used to assess the effect of an intervention or treatment in research, demonstrating measurable changes.

What is a Research Design Matrix?

A research design matrix visually organizes the components of a study, including variables, hypotheses, and methods, facilitating clarity and coherence in research planning.

What distinguishes Qualitative from Quantitative Data?

Qualitative data is descriptive and explores meanings and experiences, whereas quantitative data is numerical and often assessed through statistical analysis.

What does the term Validity Threat refer to?

Validity threats are factors that can undermine the accuracy and interpretability of research findings, impacting internal or external validity.

What is a Phenomenological Study?

A phenomenological study focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals regarding a particular phenomenon, emphasizing their perspectives and interpretations.

What is a Focus Group in research?

A focus group is a qualitative data collection method involving guided discussions with a group of participants to gather diverse perspectives on a topic.

What does a Cohen’s d measure indicate?

Cohen's d is a statistical measure of effect size that indicates the standardized difference between two means, helping to understand the magnitude of differences.

What defines an Observational Study?

An observational study involves watching and recording behaviors or events without manipulation or intervention, providing insights into natural occurrences.