quant

Flashcard #1
Term: What is Research Design?
Definition: The comprehensive plan or framework that outlines the approach, methods, and procedures for conducting a research project, guiding it from formulation to data analysis.

Flashcard #2
Term: What are the three main aspects that ensure a good research design?
Definition: Consistency, Reliability, and Validity are essential principles that ensure the research process yields trustworthy and applicable results.

Flashcard #3
Term: What is Internal Validity?
Definition: Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately reflects the true causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, without interference from confounding factors.

Flashcard #4
Term: What is External Validity?
Definition: External validity measures the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized or applied to settings, people, or situations beyond the specific conditions of the experiment.

Flashcard #5
Term: What does Rigor in research design refer to?
Definition: Rigor indicates the strict adherence to logical and methodological standards in research, ensuring the study's design contributes to the accuracy and credibility of the findings.

Flashcard #6
Term: What is a Descriptive Research Design?
Definition: A research design aimed at systematically detailing characteristics of a population or phenomenon without actively interfering, focusing on observation and documentation.

Flashcard #7
Term: What is Correlation Research Design?
Definition: A research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables to determine if they are statistically related, without implying causality.

Flashcard #8
Term: How do you differentiate correlation from causation?
Definition: Correlation indicates a relationship or association between two variables; causation implies that one variable directly influences or causes changes in another variable.

Flashcard #9
Term: What is an Experimental Research Design?
Definition: An experimental research design involves manipulating one or more independent variables to assess their effect on a dependent variable, allowing for causal inferences.

Flashcard #10
Term: What are Confounding Variables?
Definition: Confounding variables are extraneous factors that can influence both the independent and dependent variables, potentially skewing the results of a study.

Flashcard #11
Term: What is the significance of Random Assignment in experiments?
Definition: Random assignment minimizes bias by ensuring that every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any experimental group, promoting comparability across groups.

Flashcard #12
Term: What characterizes Quasi-Experimental Research?
Definition: Quasi-experimental research investigates causal relationships using groups that cannot be randomly assigned, often due to ethical or practical considerations.

Flashcard #13
Term: What does the Hawthorne Effect refer to?
Definition: The Hawthorne Effect describes the alteration of behavior by study participants due to their awareness of being observed or part of an experiment.

Flashcard #14
Term: What is the purpose of a Control Group?
Definition: The control group serves as a baseline for comparison against the experimental group, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

Flashcard #15
Term: What is the minimum sample size recommended for quantitative research?
Definition: For quantitative research, a minimum sample size of 30 data points is often recommended to ensure sufficient statistical power for analysis.

Flashcard #16
Term: What is the role of Reliability in research?
Definition: Reliability in research indicates the degree to which a study produces stable and consistent results across different instances or conditions.

Flashcard #17
Term: What are the two types of validity in research design?
Definition: Internal validity assesses the accuracy of results within the confines of the study, while external validity evaluates how well those results can be applied to broader contexts.

Flashcard #18
Term: What is Measurement in the context of variables?
Definition: Measurement involves defining and quantifying how variables will be assessed or categorized, forming the basis for data collection and analysis.

Flashcard #19
Term: What does the term Directionality refer to in research?
Definition: Directionality indicates whether a relationship between variables is positive (both variables increase together) or negative (one variable increases as the other decreases).

Flashcard #20
Term: Define the term Bias in research studies.
Definition: Bias encompasses any systematic error in data collection, analysis, or interpretation that can lead to incorrect conclusions or distort the validity of the study.

Flashcard #21
Term: What are the features of a true experiment?
Definition: A true experiment is characterized by control over variables, manipulation of the independent variable, random selection of participants, and random assignment to groups.

Flashcard #22
Term: What is a Hypothesis in research?
Definition: A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the expected relationship between two or more variables based on theoretical foundations.

Flashcard #23
Term: What is Qualitative Research Design?
Definition: Qualitative research design focuses on exploring and understanding complex social phenomena through methods like interviews, focus groups, and content analysis.

Flashcard #24
Term: What is Quantitative Research Design?
Definition: Quantitative research design emphasizes the collection and analysis of numerical data, often employing statistical tools to test hypotheses and evaluate relationships.

Flashcard #25
Term: What are Primary and Secondary Data?
Definition: Primary data is information gathered firsthand for a specific research purpose, while secondary data is pre-existing data collected for a different study or purpose.

Flashcard #26
Term: What is a Cross-Sectional Study?
Definition: A cross-sectional study assesses data from a population at a single point in time, allowing for the comparison of different groups or variables.

Flashcard #27
Term: What is a Longitudinal Study?
Definition: A longitudinal study examines data collected from the same subjects over a lengthy period, allowing researchers to observe changes and trends over time.

Flashcard #28
Term: Define the term Statistical Significance.
Definition: Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that the results observed in a study are not due to chance and represent a true effect in the population.

Flashcard #29
Term: What is a Research Question?
Definition: A research question articulates the specific focus of a study, guiding the research design, methodology, and analysis, aimed at addressing a knowledge gap.

Flashcard #30
Term: What is Data Collection in research?
Definition: Data collection refers to the systematic gathering of information from various sources to answer the research question and achieve study objectives.

Flashcard #31
Term: What are Ethics in research?
Definition: Ethics in research encompasses principles governing the conduct of research, ensuring participants' rights, dignity, and welfare are respected and protected.

Flashcard #32
Term: What is the purpose of a Literature Review?
Definition: A literature review synthesizes existing research on a topic to provide context, justify the study, and identify gaps where the current research contributes.

Flashcard #33
Term: Define the term Sampling Error.
Definition: Sampling error is the difference between the sample results and the actual values in the population, often due to the sample not being representative.

Flashcard #34
Term: What is a Mixed Methods Research Design?
Definition: Mixed methods research design combines qualitative and quantitative research approaches in a single study to enhance understanding and broaden perspective.

Flashcard #35
Term: What is the significance of the Central Limit Theorem?
Definition: The Central Limit Theorem states that the distribution of sample means will approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, regardless of the population's distribution.

Flashcard #36
Term: What is the role of a Research Proposal?
Definition: A research proposal outlines a planned study's objectives, methodology, and significance, serving as a detailed plan to secure funding or academic approval.

Flashcard #37
Term: What are Dependent and Independent Variables?
Definition: The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable, which is measured to determine if it is influenced.

Flashcard #38
Term: What is a Case Study?
Definition: A case study provides an in-depth exploration of a particular individual, group, or event to gain comprehensive insights and understand complex issues in real-life contexts.

Flashcard #39
Term: What is Theoretical Framework in research?
Definition: A theoretical framework consists of existing theories and models that guide the research design, helping to refine the research question and interpret findings.

Flashcard #40
Term: What does the term Outcome Measure refer to in research?
Definition: An outcome measure is a specific metric or indicator used to assess the effect of an intervention or treatment in research, demonstrating measurable changes.

Flashcard #41
Term: What is a Research Design Matrix?
Definition: A research design matrix visually organizes the components of a study, including variables, hypotheses, and methods, facilitating clarity and coherence in research planning.

Flashcard #42
Term: What distinguishes Qualitative from Quantitative Data?
Definition: Qualitative data is descriptive and explores meanings and experiences, whereas quantitative data is numerical and often assessed through statistical analysis.

Flashcard #43
Term: What does the term Validity Threat refer to?
Definition: Validity threats are factors that can undermine the accuracy and interpretability of research findings, impacting internal or external validity.

Flashcard #44
Term: What is a Phenomenological Study?
Definition: A phenomenological study focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals regarding a particular phenomenon, emphasizing their perspectives and interpretations.

Flashcard #45
Term: What is a Focus Group in research?
Definition: A focus group is a qualitative data collection method involving guided discussions with a group of participants to gather diverse perspectives on a topic.

Flashcard #46
Term: What does a Cohen’s d measure indicate?
Definition: Cohen's d is a statistical measure of effect size that indicates the standardized difference between two means, helping to understand the magnitude of differences.

Flashcard #47
Term: What defines an Observational Study?
Definition: An observational study involves watching and recording behaviors or events without manipulation or intervention, providing insights into natural occurrences.