Growth and Development Midterm

Physical Development

Changes in the body, growth, and motor skills

Cognitive Development

Changes in thinking, learning, memory, and problem solving

Social Development

Changes in relationships and interactions with others

Personality Development

Changes in emotions, identity, and behavior

Nature

Genetic and hereditary influences on development

Nurture

Environmental influences and experiences that shape development

Cohort

A group of people born during the same time period

Cohort Effect

The influence of historical events and culture on a generation

Gross Motor Skills

Large muscle movements such as walking, running, and jumping

Fine Motor Skills

Small muscle movements such as writing, drawing, and buttoning clothes

Freudian Slip

An accidental statement revealing unconscious thoughts

Oral Stage

Birth to 1 year; pleasure focuses on the mouth

Anal Stage

1 to 3 years; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder control

Phallic Stage

3 to 6 years; pleasure focuses on the genitals

Latency Stage

6 years to puberty; sexual feelings become dormant

Genital Stage

Puberty through adulthood; mature sexual interests develop

Id

The part of personality driven by pleasure and immediate gratification

Ego

The realistic part of personality that balances desires and reality

Superego

The moral part of personality that judges right and wrong

Information Processing Theory

Theory that compares human thinking to computer processing

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Erikson stage during toddlerhood involving independence

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson stage during adolescence involving self-identity

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson stage during young adulthood involving close relationships

Integrity vs Despair

Erikson stage during late adulthood involving reflection on life

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget stage from birth to age 2 where learning occurs through senses and actions

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight

Preoperational Stage

Piaget stage from ages 2 to 7 characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget stage from ages 7 to 11 characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget stage beginning around age 12 characterized by abstract thinking

Substage 1 Reflexes

Birth to 1 month; learning through reflexes

Substage 2 First Adaptations

1 to 4 months; repeating pleasurable actions involving the body

Substage 3 Secondary Circular Reactions

4 to 8 months; repeating actions involving objects

Substage 4 Coordination

8 to 12 months; combining actions to achieve goals

Substage 5 Active Experimentation

12 to 18 months; experimenting to see what happens

Substage 6 Mental Representation

18 to 24 months; thinking about objects mentally

Albert Bandura

Founder of Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory

Learning through observation and imitation of others

John Watson

Behaviorist who emphasized observable behavior

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist known for operant conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Learning through associations between stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Learning through rewards and punishments

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Theory emphasizing the role of culture and social interaction in learning

Scaffolding

Support provided to help a child learn new skills

Zone of Proximal Development

The gap between what a child can do alone and with help

Microsystem

Bronfenbrenner level including family, school, and peers

Mesosystem

Connections between parts of the microsystem

Exosystem

Outside influences that indirectly affect a person

Macrosystem

Cultural values, customs, and laws

Chronosystem

Time-related events and life changes

Experimental Research

Research method used to determine cause and effect

Correlational Research

Research method used to determine relationships between variables

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in a natural setting

Case Study

In-depth examination of one individual or group

Hypothesis

An educated prediction about research results

Informed Consent

Participants agree to participate after learning about the study

Independent Variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher

Dependent Variable

The variable measured by the researcher

Correlation Coefficient

A number between -1 and +1 showing relationship strength

Human Genome Project

Research project that mapped all human genes

Gametes

Sex cells; sperm and egg

Genes

Units of heredity passed from parents to offspring

Chromosomes

Structures containing genetic information

Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins formed from one fertilized egg

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal twins formed from two fertilized eggs

Genotype

A person's genetic makeup

Phenotype

Observable characteristics resulting from genes and environment

Germinal Stage

Conception to 2 weeks after fertilization

Embryonic Stage

Weeks 3 through 8 of prenatal development

Fetal Stage

Week 9 until birth

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause birth defects

Pregnancy Complications

Problems that occur during pregnancy affecting mother or baby

Stage 1 of Labor

Dilation and effacement of the cervix

Stage 2 of Labor

Delivery of the baby

Stage 3 of Labor

Delivery of the placenta

Apgar Scale

Newborn assessment measuring Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Test measuring newborn behavior and responses

Neuron

A nerve cell that transmits information

Dendrites

Receive messages from other neurons

Axon

Sends messages away from the cell body

Synapse

The gap between neurons where communication occurs

Myelin Sheath

Fatty covering that speeds nerve impulses

Cephalocaudal Principle

Development occurs from head to toe

Proximodistal Principle

Development occurs from the center outward

Sucking Reflex

Automatic sucking response in infants

Rooting Reflex

Turning toward a touch on the cheek

Palmar Grasp Reflex

Closing the hand around an object placed in the palm

Visual Cliff Experiment

Study by Gibson and Walk showing infant depth perception

Malnutrition

Poor nutrition due to lack of nutrients

Infantile Marasmus

Severe calorie deficiency causing extreme thinness

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency causing swollen abdomen

Babbling

Repetition of sounds by infants before language develops

Overextension

Using one word to describe too many objects

Underextension

Using a word too narrowly

Holophrastic Speech

One-word sentences used by toddlers

Child Directed Speech

Simplified speech adults use with children

Difficult Temperament

Intense reactions and difficulty adapting

Slow-to-Warm Temperament

Cautious and slow to adapt to new situations

Easy Temperament

Positive mood and adaptability

Goodness of Fit

The match between a child's temperament and environment

Secure Attachment

Child trusts caregiver and feels safe exploring