Final ANTH 363 Final exam

what is 1978 Orientalism

a western scholarship on the middle east = an ideological tool of domination

what are images of the oriental

exotic, dangerous, feminine, distant, subordinate, wild

what is Homar Hoodfar

an 18th-19th century western depiction of muslim women often showed living in harems where they were supposed to be imprision by their husbands and how had nothing to do all day except beautify themselves and cater to their husbands huge sexual appetite

why did colonists make postcards

to show how muslim women were dressed which eroticized them and also protrayed them as submissive yet inaccessible

what does Hijab mean

dressing modestly but is frequently used for the headscarf worn that covers the hair and neck

what is a Chador

a full-body cloack primarily that drapes from the head to the feet

what is a Niqab

a veil which covers the face except for the eyes

what is a Burqa

covers the entire body and the wearers entire face. it includes a “net curtain” which also hides the wearer’s eye but allows her to see

what occured with the hijab during the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolutoin

hijab gradually became compulsory

women who do not wear the hijab may be imprisoned from ten days to two months, and/or required to pay fines

what is the iranian “morality police” tasked to do

enforce the law on Islamic dress code in public

what are the hijav regulations based on

the states interpretation of Islamic Sharia law

what occured on September 13, 2022

Amini and her brother arrived in nTehran to visit relatives

they were stopped by the morality police for improper clothing and taken into custody where she was severely beaten in the patrol van for resisting arrest. she then deid unexpectedly on september 16 2022

what came out of Aminis death

it igntied a protest movement across the strict enforcement dress and behaviour laws

what happpened during the protest movments on the dress and behaviour laws

women removed their hijabs, some burned them, others cut their hair. the Kurdish slogan came about “woman, life, freedom”

in june and july the regime intensified the enforcement of state-sanctioned dress and behaviour

how many people died during the 2022 hijab protest movement

at least 476

what did the Taliban issue in the new criminal procedural regulations

“if a husband beats his wife so severly that it results in a broken nose, or an open wound, or a black and blue mark appear on her boyd, and the wife appeals to a judge, then the husband qill be considered an offender, and can be sentence to 15 days in prison

• women are proihbted from leaving the home without the male guardian

• women must wear burka to recieve treatment from a male doctor

• Taliban leaders claim all its rulings are in line with islamic sharia law and have religious legitimacy

when could men go shirtless on the bearh

1937

what is the ritual bathing in Ganges on Ghast of Varanasi

hindu pilgrims, standing waist high in the water, pray to cleanes their sould as they face the rising sun to ensure a good rebirth

what did pilgrims believe with the Ritual bathing

they believed that the water twill purify their souls of sin and facilititate their liberation from the cycle of life and death

where does the water bathing ritual take place

one of four locaitons: where it is believed that drops of nectar fell from the humbha (pitcher) carried by gods the nectar of immortaility

what are the 4 placed for the ritual bathing

Allahabad, Haridwar, Uijan, nashil

what does the Kumbha represent

The kumbha (vase, pot, jer or pitcher) represents the womb and symbolizes fertilitym life and the generation of power human beings

what happens at the bathing ritual

pilgrams scoop the water and pour it into the river as an offering generally to the mother goddesses Ganga the Hindu goddess who personifies the sacred Ganges River

where is the largest annual pilgrimage

The Haji, around 2 million people

what are rituals

a pattern form of behaviour, generally communal and consisting of prescribed actions and words

what do rituals involve

sometimes rituals reenact myths and stories

sometimes involves particular kind of attire, or a specific location

what are rituals used for

primary means to mobilize supernatural powers

what is the definition of a ritual by victor turner

“a ritual is a sterotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, or objects, performed in a sequestered place and designed to influence preternatural [magial] entities or forces on behalf of the actor’s goals or interests”

what is the definition of a ritual by alexander 1997 in Glazier

“Ritual is defied in its most general or basic terms is a performance planned or improvised, that effects a transition from everyday life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed”

what are different types of rituals

personal routines, ceremonies, Socially scripted behaviour patters (norm), Religious or sacred rituals

what are the 10 characteristics of religious rituals

1. they involve magic, the supernatural, mystical beliefs

2. they are highly formalized or structured patterns of behaviour

3. rituals are belief in action

4. out of the ordinary actions i.e sacred

5. performed in a sacred place (often sequested)

6. they have a goal or aim

7. they serve a function for the people concerned

8. often transformative or meditative

9. they serve to provide a sense of solidarity

10. symbolic

what are the 5 amjour categories of religious ritual

1. technological rituals - control nature

2. therapy and anti-therapy rituals - control heatlh

3. ideological rituals - control hearts and minds

4. salvation rituals - control individual destiny

5. revitalization rituals - control communal destiny

what is technological rituals

designed to control nature for the purpose of human exploitation

• divination rituals gain hidden information

• rites of intensification try to control nature or ones luck

• protective rites, aimed at coping with uncertainty of nature

what is Therapy and anti-therapy rituals

designed to control human health

• Curative rites

• antitheraoy - bone pointing, sorcery

what are ideological rituals

to control the behvaiour the mood, and values of groups for the community as a whole

• rites of passage

• taboos

• rites of intensificaiton

  • rites of rebellion

what is a rite of intensificaiton

to ensure people adhere to values and customs

what are rites of rebellion

a form of ritual that contributes to order and stability by allowing people to vent their frustration

what. are salvation rituals

focus on the religious experience, and aim at repairing damaged self-esteem and other forms of impaired identity

• Possesion

• mystic experience

• pilgrimage

define possession

in which an individuals identiy is altered by the presence of an alien spirit that ocupies the body, exorcism is the usual treatment

waht is mystic experience

altered state of consciousness, loss of personal identity by abandoning the old self and achieving salvation by identifying with a sacred being

what is revitalization rituals

aimed at identifying crisis of entire community, a religious movement (a ritual) that strives to “revitalize”oe create a better culture

waht do roadside memeorials signify

as artefacts of our material culture they signify meaning by producing a cultural text that is meant to be read and interpreted

what do Mizuko Kuyo represent

also known as “water children” they represent lost children and are part of the mourning process in Japan

what is a rite of passage

rituals that serve as mileposts or landmarks that guide travelers through the life cycle

what are japanese death rituals in transit

49-day journet, focused on guiding the deceased across the SAnzu river, typically involving a wake, funerary service, cremation with bone picking, and regular memorial servies to aid in passing through succesive judgments