Bio 162 Midterm 2

Autotroph

Make own food from organic compounds

Ex: Green plants and algea

Heterotrophs

Cannot make their own food from organic compounds and rely on consuming other organism for food

Ex: Bacteria and Humans

Lipase

Breaks down fatty acids into monoglycerides

Bile Salt

Responsible for the emulsification of lipids during digestion

Type I Diabetes

Caused by genetics, 5-10% diabetic population, treated by insulin injections

Type II Diabetes

Caused by diet, lifestyle, genetic disposition, 90-95% diabetic population, treated by diet exercise and monitoring of blood glucose levels

Auxin

Hormone that causes elongation of cells that are away from the light to bend the plant towards to light; plays a role in apical dominance

Senescence

deterioration with age

Ethylene

induces senescence of fruits

Cytokinin

Delays senescence

Dendrites

Collect chemical signals

The Cell Body

Integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signals to the axon

Axon

Passes chemical signals to dendrites of another cell

Voltage-Gated Channels

Activated by changes of voltage in gradient across a plasma membrane

Ligand-Gated Channels

Activated by binding of ligands to the channels

Frontal Lobe

Decision Making

Temporal Lobe

Auditory Processing

Parietal Lobe

Sensation

Occipital Lobe

Visual Processing

Proteins(digestion)

Pepsin, Protease

Fat(digestion)

Broken down by stomach acid, bile salts, lipase

Carbohydrate(digestion)

Salivary Amylase, Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase

Tetrodotoxin

Prohibits sodium channels from opening

Batrachotoxin

Prohibits sodium channels from closing

Mouth(digestion)

Teeth and saliva, mechanical and chemical processing

Salivary Glands(digestion)

Produces amylase, begins breaking down proteins

Esophagus(digestion)

Transports food via muscle contractions

Stomach(digestion)

Mechanical and chemical processing of food, via muscle contractions and digestion via hydrochloric acid and Pepsin

Pepsin

breaks down proteins in the presence of hydrochloric acid

Liver(digestion)

makes bile for the digestion of fats

Gallbladder(digestion)

stores bile for the digestion of fats

Pancreas(digestion)

amylase, lipase, protease

Amylase

Digests carbohydrates

Protease

Helps to further digest proteins

Small Intestine(Digestion)

Chemical and physical digestion; absorption via villi and microvilli

Large Intestine(Digestion)

Absorbs water, forms feces, allows symbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose

Rectum

Holds feces

Anus

Eliminates feces

Autocrine

Acts on the same cells that secretes them

Paracrine

Diffuses locally and acts on neighboring cells

Endocrine

Hormones carried between cells by blood or other fluid

Neural(Chemical Signals)

Diffuses a short distance between neurons

Neuroendocrine

Released from neurons but are carried by blood or other body fluids and act on distant cells

Pheromones

Released in the environment and act on a different individual

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Signaled by the hypothalamus to release signals/hormones via endocrine cells

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Signaled by the hypothalamus to release signals via neurons; part of the hypothalamus

Peptides and Polypeptides(hormones)

Bind to a receptor located in the plasma membrane and are not lipid soluable

Amino Acid Derivative

Most bind to receptors on plasma membrane and most are not lipid soluable; exception thryoid hormone

Steroids

Binds to receptors inside cell and are liquid soluable

ADH (Hormone)

Targets: Kidney Nephrons

Response: Aquaporins activated; water reabsorbed

Oxytocin (hormone)

Targe: Uterine Muscles

Response: Contractions during labor; production of milk during nursing

ACTH (hormone)

Targets: Adrenal Cortex

Response: Production of glueocorticoids

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Targets: Testes

Response: Production of Sex Homrones

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Targets: Ovaries

Response: Control of Menstrual Cycle

Growth Hormone(GH)

Targets: Many tissues

Response: Growth

Prolactin(PRL)

Target: Mammary Glands

Response: Breast Growth and Milk Production

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Target: Thyroid

Response: Production of Thyroid Hormones

Gynecomastia

Breast Growth in men

Ommatidia

Individual units of the insect eye

Photodopsin

Photoreceptor proteins found in cones

Rhodopsin

Photoreceptor proteins found in rods

Scalera

White of the eye that can expand and contract depending on the iris

Retina

Photosensitive area of the eye

Melanin

Light Absorbing pigment

Ciliary Muscle

Muscles that adjust the size of the pupil