Globalisation- intro

Define Globalisation.

The process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated.

When was the term Globalisation coined and why?

In the 1990s, due to many events at once including an IT revolution, the opening up of the communist bloc and a massive increase in the trade of manufactured goods.

What was the value of US manufactured good traded in 1956 and in 2013?

1956- US $100 billion

2013- US $19 trillion

What is the other name for the core periphery approach to globalisation?

The world systems approach.

Who came up with the world systems globalisation theory and when?

Immanuel Wallerstein

1974

What do you have to accept to follow the core periphery approach to globalisation?

That all countries have a natural order or ‘position’ that they are meant to be in.

What is the relationship between core and periphery countries in the core periphery approach?

They are reliant, or need one another?

What do core countries provide?

Developed technology

Aid

Pay

What do periphery countries provide?

Labour (cheap)

Goods

Raw materials

What are growth poles?

Countries that ‘set the tone’ or lead development.

Who coined the term ‘growth poles’ and when?

Friedmann

1966

How did Wallerstein describe core and periphery countries in a single phrase?

“Mutually reliant and inextricably linked”

What do countries do by joining into capitalism?

They take a risk, but chance large gains.

Who came up with the dependency theory of globalisation and when?

Andre Gunder Frank

1971

What is the main concept of the dependency theory?

Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of dependence through various means.

Who came up with the modernisation theory of globalisation and when?

Walt Whitman Rostow

1960

What is the main concept of the modernisation theory of globalisation?

All countries have the ability to grow through a certain pattern.

(opposes core periphery)

What are the five stages of the modernisation globalisation theory?

1- Traditional society

2- Pre-take off stage

3- Take off stage

4- Drive to maturity

5- High mass consumption

What happens in the Traditional society stage of modernisation theory?

Agrarian society

Mainly subsistence farming

What happens in the Pre-take off stage of modernisation theory?

Mechanised agriculture grows

Aid helps growth of the country

Remittance income becomes more common

Define remittance income.

Money transfer by a foreign worker to their home country.

What happens in the Take off stage of modernisation theory?

Manufacturing grows

Political and social development / modernisation

Remittance income may still make up a large amount of the country’s money

What happens in the Drive to maturity stage of modernisation theory?

Industry diversifies

Growth spreads across the country due to the development of technology

What happens in the High mass consumption stage of modernisation theory?

Output levels grow

Industry shifts towards tertiary sector

Growth is sustained by an increase in middle class consumers

Positive and negative of Core periphery theory:

Positive: displays interdependence and relationships

Negative: Doesn’t represent the power imbalance and exploitation of the real world

Positive and negative of dependency theory:

Positive: agrees that poor countries are taken advantage of

Negative: pessimistic, assumes a ‘fate’

Positive and negative of Modernisation theory:

Positive: each country has a unique pathway

Negative: slightly favours a western view, doesn’t take into account aid

Define global governance.

The steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human activity.

Define global systems.

The environmental, political, legal, economic, financial and cultural systems that organise the world.

5 reasons for the growing need for global governance:

1- deep integration of national economies

2- flows of people (labour/ migrants/ refugees)

3- growth of transnational criminal networks (dark web)

4- deepening of global inequality and injustice

5- perceived or real hollowing out of power (leaders don’t make their own decisions)

How does global governance function? (4 points)

States are key actors

The US has global governance as it designed much post-1945 UN architecture and works with 67 nations

Middle power states often have a significant role

It is difficult for some states to have a say