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Gametophyte

haploid
makes gametes (egg and sperm)
by mitosis
gametes fuse and make zygote

sporophyte

diploid
makes spores
by meiosis
spores grow into gametophytes

Two alterations of generations

gametophytes and sporophytes

How AOG changes over plant evolution

(Bryophytes) in mosses - gametophyte dominant, sporophyte is small

ferms - sporophye becomes dominant, gametophyte is small but free living

gymnosperms and angiosperms - sporophyte is 100& dominant, gametophyte is microspoic and dependent on:
pollen (male), or embryo sac (female)

so the overall trend is, gametophyte shrinks —> sporophyte dominates

fungi reporductive cycle

sexual - plasmogamy, dikaryotic stage, karyogamy, meiosis, spores

asexual - mitosis, spores (sporangia or conidia)

fungal phyla (differences)

chytrids - flagellated spores and simplistest, unicellular

zygomycota, coenocytic hypahe, zygosporangium

ascomycota - ascus with 8 ascospores, conidia

basidiomycota - basidium with 4 basidiospores

types of mold

zygomycota mold - rhizopus (black bread mold)

ascomycota molds - penicillium, aspergillius

lichens

fungus and alga or fungus and cyanobacteria

their role is a pioneer species and they are air quality indicators

mycorrhizae

fungas and plant roots

the plant gains more water and nutrient intake, especially phosphorus and the plant gives sugars

the different types are ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae

moss reproductive cycle

Dominant: gametophyte

Sperm: swims to egg

Zygote: grows into sporophyte on gametophyte

Spores: made in capsule by meiosis

Fern reproductive cycle

Dominant: sporophyte

Gametophyte: heart‑shaped prothallus

Sperm: swims to egg

Sori: sporangia clusters under fronds

Moss phyla

Bryophyta: Mosses

Hepatophyta: liverworts

anthocerophyta: hornworts

Fern phyla

Pteridophyta: true ferns

Lycophyta: club mosses

Equisetophyta: horsetails

Psilophyta: whisk ferns

red brown and green algae

red - phycoerythrin, deep water

brown - fucoxanthin, kelp

green - chlorophyll a and b, ancestor of plants

adaptaions for water

holdfasts, air bladders, flexible bodies, mucilage

gymnosperm phyla

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, pinophyta

gymnosperm characteristcs

naked seeds, cones, wind pollination, dominant sporophyte

seeds

embryo + food supply + seed coat

pinophyta families

pinaceae, cupressaceae, taxaceae, araucariaceae

pine reproductive cycle

pollen cone —> pollen

ovulate cone —> ovules

pollination —> fertilization —> seeds in cone

angiosperm reproductive cycle

flowers —> pollen —> stigma —> pollen tube —> double fertilization

double fertilization

1 sperm —> egg (embryo)

1 sperm —> central cell (endosperm)

pollinators

bees, birds, bats, wind, flies, beetles

flower-pollinator coevolution

flower traits match pollinator behavior

function of a flower

reporodcution

flower parts

sepal, petal, stamen, carpel

flower types

perfect/imperfect

complete/incomplete

fruit types

simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory

plant breeding revolutions

domestication, scientific breeding, green revolution, genetic engineeering

GMOs pros/cons

pros: yield, pest resistance

cons: ethics, gene flow, cost

plant propigation

seeds, cuttings, grafting, layering, tissue culture

agriculture tpes

susbistence, industrial, organic, agroforestry

population quanitification

density, frequesncy, cover, biomass

density dependent mortality

self thinning rule: crowded plants die off

community diversity

richness + evenness

measured by shannon index

primary vs secondary succession

primary: no soil

secondary: soil present

succession mechanisms

facilitation, inhibition, tollerance

invasive species causes

no predators, fast reporoducition, high dispersal

climate change impacts

range shifts, phenology changes, extinction risk