US History Semester 2 Exam

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

the period after the Civil War when the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

10% Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for the South after the Civil War. It required 10% of its voters in the 1860 election needed to pledge their allegiance to the U.S. and the Constitution in order to be let back in the Union.

Radical Republicans

Congressmen who identified with the abolitionist cause and sought swift emancipation of slaves, punishment of Confederate rebels, and tight control over former Confederate states.

Impeachment

to charge a high government official, such as the U.S. president, a senator, or a federal judge of committing "treason, bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, healthcare, and land ownership.

13th amendment (1865)

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that ended slavery and freed all slaves in the United States.

14th amendment (1866)

amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing equal protection under the law to all U.S. citizens, including former slaves.

15th amendment (1870)

Amendment to the U.S. constitution forbidding states to deny any male citizen the right to vote on grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War.

Sharecropping

a farming system developed after the Civil War by which landless workers farmed land in exchange with the landowner for farm supplies and a share of the crop.

Compromise of 1877

Secret deal forged by Congressional leaders to resolve the disputed election of 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hays, who had lot the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for his pledge to remove federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

Jim Crow Laws

local and state laws designed to separate blacks and whites in public places, such as schools, hotels, and restaurants.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a case that was brought the Supreme Court to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal if facilities were "separate, but equal."

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

the earliest civil rights organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Lincoln Assassination

This event took place on April 14, 1865, just a few days after General Lee surrendered, at Ford's Theater in D.C..

Andrew Johnson's Impeachment

This event happened when president Johnson attempted to fire Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War, because he was closely tied to the Radical Republicans. The House of representatives charged him with the crime because he did not consult Congress before he did this. He was not removed from office but he did not run for re-election in 1868.

Morehouse College

Founded in 1867 by a former slave with the purpose of training freed slaves how to read and write

Residency requirements

a requirement to live in the place you wanted to vote in for 1-2 years; aimed at tenant farmers who moved often

Poll taxes

you pay a tax to vote

Literacy tests

a requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote.

Grandfather clause

a clause in voter registration laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather had voted before 1867.

Booker T. Washington

He was born as a slave in Virginia after the civil war and moved to Malden, West Virginia. He was one of the first leaders of the movement and he believed that people should get an education and work hard rather than trying to protest norms.

W.E.B. DuBois

He was born in Massachusetts after the civil war, he wanted people to protest and challenged the ideals. He wanted people to fight for their rights. He was the found of the NAACP in 1909.

Emmett Till

In August of 1955 this 14 year old boy was tragically murdered while visiting Money Mississippi. This happened after he spoke to a women named Carolyn Bryant and a few days later he was taken fro his uncle's house, beat up, and thrown into a river. His mother chose to show the world what happened to her son.

Ida B. Wells

She was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862. Her parents were born into slavery. She moved to Memphis and became a journalist and talked about the problems of lynching in Memphis when 3 of her friends were killed. She used careful research, personal interviews and collected records in her writing.

The Great Migration

beginning around 1916 and intensifying through the 1940s, this revealed the social cost of sharecropping. Million of Black Southerners left for Northern and Midwestern cities, seeking industrial jobs and escaping racial violence and economic stagnation.

The Memphis Massacre of 1866

This happened in 1866 and started on May 1 to May 3. Many mobs attacked black neighborhoods which killed and estimated 46 black people and 2 white people.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

This was a Supreme Court case which struck down racial segregation in public schools and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional. The court said the schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed"…

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Force the federal government racial discrimination. NAACP provided legal force to activists and organizers. Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955, and was the secretary of her local chapter.

Martin Luther King Jr.

He was a prominent minister and was pushed into the national spotlight as one of the organizers of the Montgomery bus boycott @ 26 years old. He preached nonviolent civil disobedience.

Nonviolent civil disobedience

defying unjust laws through peaceful actions. Followed the teachings of Indian civil rights activists Mohandas Gandhi.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

This was started in 1957, when MLK invited 60 black ministers and leaders to his church. Their goal was to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South. Their leaders were Dr. Martian Luther King Jr. and after his death Reverend Ralph Abernathy.

Sit-Ins

These events happened in Feb-July of 1960. It began with 4 polite, black college students in Greensboro, NC when they sat down at an "all white" Woolworth's lunch counter. 50,000 other people did this all over the South and 3,600 arrests. Eventually Woolworth's lifted their whites-only policy.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

college students activists who wanted to dismantle segregation

Freedom Rides

This happened in the Summer of 1961 when people rode on 2 public buses from Washington, D.C. through the South to New Orleans. It challenged racial segregation on buses, trains, and stations. It resulted in the Interstate Commerce Commission which ordered all interstate transportation facilities to be integrated.

Kennedy's Assassination

The event happened in November of 1963 while he was riding in an open car in Dallas, TX. He was shot and killed by Communist Lee Harvey Oswald.

Birmingham, AL

In 1963 MLK organized a massive series of demonstrations against segregation.

Freedom Summer of 1964

Many African Americans in the South were still being excluded to vote. Only 6.7% of blacks in MS could vote, It prevent from voting by poll taxes, literacy tests, making the application process difficult, arson beatings, and lynching.

The Black Power Movement

Many young inner-city African Americans were losing faith in the strategy of non-violence and many dismissed mainstream civil rights leaders such as MLK. Malcom X was the main spokesman for this movement which stressed black nationalism, racial pride, self-respect, self-discipline, and militantism.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places (buses restaurants, theaters, hotels) and employment. This enforces the 14th amendment.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

enforced the right to vote for all Americans; ended literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clause, etc. and enforces the 15th amendment.

The Gilded Age (1865-1900)

This was a time of extreme progress and economic growth in the United States. During this time the railroad, steel, oil, agricultural, and technology industries reached national markets and the US economy became #1 in the world.

After Reconstruction

After this time the nation's population tripled, farm production doubled, manufacturing grew 6x, and the railroad business grew back even stronger

Urbanization

more people move to the cities, many of these new immigrants

Inventions

The U.S. patent office grew exponentially in the period averaged around 276 inventions in 1790s to 235,000 inventions by the 1890s.

1st Industrial Revolution (1750-1840)

Iron, steam engine, british textiles. Taking simple machines and making them better. People: thinkers

2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)

New energy sources, new products. new forms of business organization, new giant companies. People: professional chemists, engineers, inventors

Micael Faraday

English chemist created 1st electric motor and 1st dynamo (a machine that generates electricity)

Thomas Edison

American inventor, made 1st electric lightbulb, this changed city life, work life, and home life forever.

Samuel Morse

In 1844 this American inventor created the telegraph, sending messages over wires using electricity.

Alexander Graham Bell

In 1876 this Scottish immigrant patented the telephone.

Guglilmo Marconi

In 1901 this Italian inventor invented the radio, a wireless global communication network.

Innovations in chemistry

perfumes, Aspirin, Soaps, and chemical fertilizers

Alfred Nobel

a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, which was a safer and easier means of harnessing nitroglycerin

Henry Bessemer

a British engineer, who created a process that would turn iron into steel. This made steel lighter, more durable and cheaper. RAILROADS!

The Rise of Big Business

to get capital, owners sold stock (or shares of their company) to investors, this created corporations, which were business owned by its investors or stockholders

The Germ Theory of Disease

linking microbes to the disease they cause

Louis Pasteur

He was a French chemist who discovered vaccinations and pasteurization (sterilizing)

Dr. Robert Koch

He identified a bacteria that caused tuberculosis. This changed how people bathed, changed clothes, and how hospitals/doctors operate.

Florence Nightingale

a British nurse who insisted on better sanitation in hospitals and founded the first nursing school

Joseph Lister

an english surgeon who discovered antisepsis (sterilization of medical instruments)

John Dalton

an english scientist who discovered atomic theory (particles that make up elements

Dmiti Mendeleyv

a Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements

Charles Lyell

He contributed to the study of Geology by discovering evidence that the world was formed two billion years ago

Charles Darwin

He contributed to the study of Evolution by making On the Origin of Natural Species (1859) which argued all life forms evolved over millions of years

Ellis Island, New York

The entry point for most European immigrants

Angel Island, California

the entry point for most Asian immigrants. many of these new immigrants didn't speak English, came from non-democratic governments, had differing religions, and didm't "look" American.

Push/Pull factors for immigration

Low wages, unemployment, disease, force military conscription, religious persecution

1860-1920

One of America's largest period of immigration

Old immigrants

(before 1880) from northern and western Europe, mostly from England, Germany and Ireland. Their religion was more protestant and catholics.

"New Immigrants"

(after 1890) From Southern and Eastern Europe, Mostly Russia, Poland, Greece, and Italy. Their Religions were: Judaism, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholicism.

nativism

the reaction of the new wave of immigrants. it was a racial prejudice held by native-born Americans who blamed immigrants for social or economic problems and sought to restrict their entrance into America

Chinese Exclusion Act

a law passed in 1882, which forbade any laborers from China to enter the United States for 10 years, but was renewed for many years until 1943. Most Asian immigrants were paid half what European immigrants were paid.

Urbanization

new immigrants were settling together in east coast cities. Many Americans where moving.

Tenements

Most people who lived in cities lived in these. They were shabby, low-cost, inner-city apartment buildings that house the urban poor in cramped apartments.

The Inventions that made living in cities easier

telephones, steam radiators, the first elevator, electric trolleys and cable cars, and electric lights

Social Darwinism

applying the theory of natural selection (competing to survive) to society

Robber barrons

people that tried to grow their business through monopolistic practices (Vanderbilt & Rockefeller)

Progressive movement

a social and political movement in the early 1900s that focused on improving conditions in American life.

Muckrakers

journalists who attempted to find corruption and horrible working conditions in American industries and to expose it to the public.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale off alcohol was prohibited in the United States by the 18th Amendment. It was repealed by the 21st amendment.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Federal agency formed in 1913 that approves all foods and drugs for sale in the U.S.

Conservation movement

Progressive reform centering around protection of the natural environment.

16th Amendment (1913)

gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment (1913)

established the direct election of Senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures).

19th Amendment (1920)

gave women the right to vote.

Central Powers

an alliance of nations during the Great War, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire).

Allied Powers

an alliance of nations the Great War, including France, Great Britain, and Russia; late joined by Italy and the United States.

Western Front

a line of trenches stretching across northern France and Belgium where much of the fighting in the Great War occurred.

trench warfare

a form of prolonged combat between the entrenched positions of opposing armies, often with little tactical movement.

U-boat

German military submarines used to attack warships as well as merchant ships of enemy and neutral nations.

Lusitania

British ocean liner torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat; the deaths of nearly 1,200 of its civilian passengers including many Americans caused international outrage.

economic mobilization

the coordination of a nation's resources and work as part of a war effort. Factories became focused on the production of military supplies rather than peacetime luxury goods. Citizens limited the amount of meat and food consumed at home to share with soldiers abroad.

Zimmerman telegram

Message sent by a German official to the Mexican government urging an invasion of the United states. It was intercepted by British intelligence agents and angered Americans.

Great Migration

Mass exodus of African Americans from the rural south to the Northeast and Midwest during and after the Great War.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's proposed plan for the peace agreement after the Great War, which included the creation of a "league" of nations intended to keep the peace.

League of Nations

Organization of nations formed in the aftermath of the Great War to mediate disputes and maintain international peace.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended the Great War, forcing Germany to dismantle its military, pay immense war reparations, and give up its colonies around the world.

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

First Red Scare (1919-1920)

Outbreak of anti-communist hysteria that included the arrest without warrants of thousands of suspected radicals, most of whom (especially Russian immigrants) were deported.