Selves & Identities - quiz revision cards

CONT. MODEL Q1

Limited cognitive capacity is most likely to result in…

Greater reliance on category-based impressions

CONT. MODEL Q2

When observed information fits poorly with category expectations, the continuum model suggests that…

Perceivers rely more strongly on stereotypes*

CONT. MODEL Q3

Piecemeal integration in the continuum model is best understood as…

The integration of multiple attributes into an impression

CONT. MODEL Q4

According to Fiske and Neuberg, impression formation typically begins with…

Category-based processing

CONT. MODEL Q5

The continuum model is best described as…

A dynamic process model of information integration

CONT. MODEL Q6

In the continuum model, motivation primarily influences…

Whether processing continues beyond categorisation

CONT. MODEL Q7

In the continuum model, the term ‘continuum’ refers primarily to…

A gradual shift in the amount of information integrated

CONT. MODEL Q8

Which claim is NOT made by the continuum model?

Category-based impressions are always biased or incorrect

CONT. MODEL Q9

The continuum model proposes that individuated impressions are most likely when…

The perceiver has sufficient motivation and capacity

CONT. MODEL Q10

High consistency between category expectations and observed attributes tends to…

Sustain category-based processing

ENT. Q1

Low-entitativity targets were more likely to produce judgements that were…

Constructed at the time of judgement from remembered information

ENT. Q2

In McConnell et al. (1997), which combination of findings most clearly indicates on-line impression formation?

Judgements formed as information is encountered and primacy effects in recall

ENT. Q3

Compared to low-entitativity targets, high-entitativity targets were associated with…

Stronger primacy effects in recall

ENT. Q4

High-entitativity targets are expected to show behaviour that is…

Internally consistent and reliable

ENT. Q5

The broader implication of McConnell et al.’s findings is that…

Processing differences between persons and groups depend on perceived entitativity

ENT. Q6

Which alternative explanation did McConnell et al. explicitly address and rule out?

General cognitive load differences

ENT. Q7

According to the authors, differences in processing of individuals versus groups are best explained by differences in…

Entitativity expectations

ENT. Q8

Hamilton and Sherman argue that individual persons are typically perceived as higher in entitativity than groups because…

Individuals are assumed to possess internal coherence and agency

ENT. Q9

The primary question addressed by McConnell et al. (1997) is whether…

Entitativity influences how information about targets is processed

ENT. Q10

The primacy theoretical contribution of Hamilton and Sherman (1996) is to…

Offer entitativity as a unifying principle for person and group perception

ENT. Q11

A central claim of Hamilton and Sherman is that traditional distinctions between person perception and group perception are…

Conceptually unnecessary

ENT. Q12

In Hamilton and Sherman’s framework, entitativity refers primarily to…

The extent to which a target is perceived as a coherent entity

ENT. Q13

The findings suggest that illusory correlations are more likely to emerge when…

Judgements rely on memory-based processing

ENT. Q14

In the experiments, entitativity was primarily manipulated through variations in…

Similarity and behavioural consistency of target information

ENT. Q15

Within the entitativity framework, stereotyping is best understood as…

One form of impression formation influenced by entitativity

ENT. Q16

Hamilton and Sherman propose that impressions of high-entitativity targets are more likely to be…

Organised around inferred traits or dispositions

ENT. Q17

Hamilton and Sherman argue that groups can be perceived similarly to individuals when…

They are perceived as coherent and unified

ENT. 18

The concept of entitativity as used by Hamilton and Sherman is most directly derived from…

Campbell’s analysis of social aggregates

ENT. Q19

The results of McConnell et al. indicate that entitativity primarily effects…

The organisation and timing of impression formation

ENT. Q20

High-entitativity were expected to be processed primarily using…

On-line impression formation

FFM. Q1

McCrae and Costa argue that the five-factor structure is…

Largely universal across cultures

FFM. Q2

According to Cervone, personality traits are limited because they…

Describe outcomes without specifying underlying mechanisms

FFM. Q3

Cervone distinguishes explanation from prediction by arguing that…

Explanation requires specifying internal psychological processes

FFM. Q4

Cervone’s approach to traits is best characterised as…

Viewing traits as summaries that require process-level elaboration

FFM. Q5

Cervone’s position in the person-situation debate is best described as…

Process-oriented and integrative

FFM. Q6

Cervone’s account implies that behavioural variability across situations…

Can reflect systematic, meaningful psychological processes

FFM. Q7

A key methodological implication of Cervone’s approach is the need to…

Examine patterns of behaviour within individuals

FFM. Q8

McCrae and Costa explicitly acknowledge that the five-factor model….

Describes broad trait dimensions rather than situational dynamics

FFM. Q9

Cervone emphasises variables such as goals, beliefs, and self-regulation because they…

Capture within-person processes guiding behaviour

FFM. Q10

In five-factor theory, biological bases are most directly associated with…

Basic tendencies

FFM. Q11

Within five-factor theory, personality traits are expected to be…

Relatively stable, with gradual change over time

FFM. Q12

McCrae and Costa propose that environmental influences primarily affect personality through their impact on…

Characteristic adaptations

FFM. Q13

In five-factor theory, basic tendencies refer to…

Enduring dispositional beliefs

FFM. Q14

Cervone’s central critique of trait-based approaches is that they primarily…

Neglect within-person psychological processes

FFM. Q15

In Cervone’s framework, coherence refers to…

Organisation of cognitive-affective processes within the person

FFM. Q16

Cervone argues that understanding personality requires attention to…

How behaviour varies across situations within the same person

FFM. Q17

According to McCrae and Costa, personality traits are best understood as…

Descriptions of behavioural averages over time

FFM. Q18

McCrae and Costa position five-factor theory as…

A broad dispositional foundation compatible with other approaches

FFM. Q19

Characteristic adaptations in five-factory theory include…

Goals, values and habits shaped by experience

FFM. Q20

McCrae and Costa argue that the five-factor model primarily represents…

A taxonomy of personality traits

SCT. Q1

Drawing on cognitive science traditions, a category is best defined as…

An explanatory principle that organises experience and supports interference

SCT. Q2

According to the metacontrast principle, a category becomes salient when…

Differences within the category are perceived as smaller than differences between categories

SCT. Q3

Self-categorisation theory distinguishes between three analytically important levels of self-categorisation

Human, social (ingroup) and personal (individual)

SCT. Q4

In self-categorisation theory, depersonalisation refers to…

Seeing oneself as interchangeable with other ingroup members

SCT. Q5

Hamilton and Sherman’s ‘fundamental postulate’ implies that…

Persons are assumed to be coherent entities by default

SCT. Q6

The authors argue that much of social cognition rests on a confounded assumption linking…

Categorisation and individuation with heuristic versus deliberative processing

SCT. Q7

According to the SCT salience model described in the chapter, category salience depends on…

Perceiver readiness, comparative fit and normative fit

SCT. Q8

Perceiver readiness influences self-categorisation by…

Determining which categories are psychologically accessible and valued

SCT. Q9

A key implication of incorporating persons as categories is that…

There is no a priori reason to assume person perception is more veridical than group perception

SCT. Q10

According to Haslam and Reicher, the central question of self-categorisation theory is…

How individuals are able to act as a group at all

SCT. Q11

Haslam and Reicher emphasise that…

No level of self-categorisation is inherently more fundamental than another

SCT. Q12

Social cognition typically asks “When do we use categories?” whereas SCT reframes the question as…

Which category will we use?

SCT. Q13

According to the chapter, adopting the ‘person as category’ convention opens two broad pathways. These are…

Integrating separate phenomena and revealing fundamental confounds in the literature

SCT. Q14

The central proposal of Chapter 1 is that…

Persons can be understood as psychological categories in the same way as groups

SCT. Q15

According to self-categorisation theory, social influence occurs primarily when…

Individuals share category membership and see themselves as ‘we’

SCT. Q16

The discussion of Kuhn serves primarily to…

Illustrate how paradigm shifts involve reinterpretation of existing data and resistance

SCT. Q17

The authors describe social identity as…

The cognitive mechanism that makes group behaviour possible

SCT. Q18

Within self-categorisation theory, prototypicality refers to…

The member who best fits category-defining contrasts in a given context

SCT. Q19

In person perception research within social cognition, ‘category’ is typically used to mean…

The totality of information about groups of individuals

SCT. Q20

Normative fit differs from comparative fit because normative fit concerns…

Whether category differences match expectations about the category