Anatomy Exam 3!!

What are the anatomical characteristics of the human pelvis and femur that facilitate bipedalism?

Pelvis

Short, wide, bowl-shaped —- Supports organs + body weight

Femur

Angled inward (valgus angle) —- Keeps knees under for body balance

Efficient upright walking + weight distribution

Function of iliofemoral ligament

Helps keeps you standing upright without using muscles

Hyperextension of the hip

Strongest ligament in the body

Function of lateral collateral ligament

Prevents varus stress (knee bowing outward)

Function of medial collateral ligament

Prevents valgus stress (knee collapsing inward)

Function of anterior cruciate ligament

Hyperextension of the leg

Function of posterior cruciate ligament

Hyperflexion of the knee

Function of medial ligament (deltoid) of ankle

Prevents eversion of the foot

Provides strong medial stability to the ankle joint

Helps stabilize the ankle during standing/walking

Function of lateral ligament of ankle

Prevents inversion of the foot

Provides lateral stability to the ankle joint

Helps resist excessive motion during walking/running

Function of spring ligament

Maintains the medial longitudinal arch

Helps spring your foot back into that arch position

Function of long plantar ligament

Helps maintain shape of lateral longitudinal arch

Function of plantar aponeurosis (not a ligament)

Helps maintain both medial & lateral longitudinal arches

Muscles in the anterior compartments of the thigh

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

• Vastus intermedius

• Sartorius

• Iliopsoas

• Pectineus

Muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh

• Biceps femoris (long & short head)

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

Muscles in the medial compartments of the thigh

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Adductor magnus

• Gracilis

• Obturator externus

Muscles in the anterior compartments of the leg

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor hallucis longus

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

Muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh

• Biceps femoris (short & long head)

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

Muscles in the lateral compartments of the thigh

• Tensor fascia latae

• Iliotibial (IT) tract (not a muscle, but important)

• Gluteus medius

• Gluteus minimus

Muscles that flex the thigh at the hip (acetabulofemoral) joint

• Iliopsoas

• Psoas major

• Iliacus

• Rectus femoris

• Sartorius

• Tensor fasciae latae

• Pectineus

Muscles that extend the thigh at the hip (acetabulofemoral) joint

• Gluteus maximus

• Biceps femoris (long head)

• Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

• Adductor magnus

Muscles that abduct the thigh at the hip (acetabulofemoral) joint

• Gluteus medius

• Gluteus minimus

• Tensor fascia latae

• Sartorius

Muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip (acetabulofemoral) joint

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Adductor magnus

• Gracilis

• Obturator externus

• Pectineus

Muscles that laterally rotate the thigh at the hip (acetabulofemoral) joint

• Piriformis

• Obturator internus

• Obturator externus

• Superior gemellus

• Inferior gemellus

• Quadratus femoris

Muscles that extend the leg at the knee joint

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

• Vastus intermedius

Muscles that flex the leg at the knee joint

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

Muscles that dorsiflex the foot at the ankle (talocrural) joint

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor hallucis longus

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

Muscles that plantarflex the foot at the ankle (talocrural) joint

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

Muscles (that we mentioned in class) capable of food inversion

• Tibialis anterior

• Tibialis posterior

Muscles (that we mentioned in class) capable of food eversion

• Fibularis (peroneus) longus

• Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Muscles that flex the big toe (hallux). Which are intrinsic and which are extrinsic?

• Flexor hallucis longus (Extrinsic)

• Flexor hallucis brevis (Intrinsic)

Muscles that extend the big toe (hallux). Which are intrinsic and which are extrinsic?

• Extensor hallucis longus (Extrinsic)

• Extensor hallucis brevis (Intrinsic)

Muscles that flex toes 2-5. Which are intrinsic and which are extrinsic?

Muscles that extend toes 2-5 (or 2-4). Which are intrinsic and which are extrinsic?

Muscle that abducts the hallux

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus are dorsal division nerves?

• Femoral nerve

• Common fibular nerve

• Gluteal nerves

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus are ventral division nerves?

• Obturator nerve

• Tibial nerve

Muscles innervated by the femoral nerves

Muscles innervated by the superior gluteal nerve

Muscles innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

Muscles innervated by the obturator nerve

Muscles innervated by the tibial nerve

Muscles innervated by the common fibular nerve

Muscles innervated by the deep fibular nerve

Muscles innervated by the superficial fibular nerve

Anterior superior iliac spine

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Ischial tuberosity

Pubic tubercle

Obturator membrane

Lesser trochanter

Greater trochanter

Linea aspera

Adductor tubercle

Patella

Calcaneal tuberosity

The big toe (hallux)

Toes 2-5 (or 2-4)

Muscles that contribute to the pres anserinus?

Structures that pass under the flexor retinaculum and through the tarsal tunnel

Structures that pass under the extensor retinaculum

Structures that pass through the fibular trochlea and under the fibular retinaculum

When do the external iliac artery and vein become the femoral artery and vein?

When they pass under the inguinal ligament

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

When it passes through the adductor hiatus (into posterior knee)