Biology, final exam 2nd term

What is an infectious particle made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat?

Virus

Infectious particles that cause disease in plants and are made of singlestranded RNA without a protein coat are called:

Viroids

An infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly is a:

Prion

A single viral particle is known as a:

Virion

The protein shell that surrounds the genetic material of a virus is called a:

Capsid

Viruses that infect bacteria are called:

Bacteriophages

An infection pathway in which the host cell bursts, releasing new viral offspring, is called a:

Lytic infection

Phage DNA that is inserted into a host cell's DNA during a lysogenic infection is called a:

Prophage

A rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people is an:

Epidemic

A substance that stimulates the body's own immune response against invasion by microbes is a:

Vaccine

A virus that contains RNA and uses reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy is a:

Retrovirus

Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen are called:

Obligate anaerobes

Prokaryotes that need oxygen in their environment to survive are:

Obligate aerobes

A small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryote's main chromosome is a:

Plasmid

The long, whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement is a:

Flagellum

Thinner, shorter structures that help prokaryotes stick to surfaces and to other prokaryotes are:

Pili

What polymer is found in the cell walls of bacteria but not archaea?

Peptidoglycan

The process by which prokaryotes can exchange parts of their chromosomes through a hollow bridge of pili is called:

Conjugation

A specialized bacterial cell with a thick, protective wall formed during harsh conditions is an:

Endospore

Which bacteria can carry out photosynthesis and played an important role in early Earth's atmosphere?

Cyanobacteria

A process that uses microbes and other living things to break down pollutants is:

Bioremediation

A poison released by an organism is a:

Toxin

Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria by stopping them from making cell walls are called:

Antibiotics

The failure to take the entire prescribed course of antibiotics is an example of:

Underuse

Which shape describes bacilli bacteria?

Rod-shaped

Spiral-shaped bacteria are called:

Spirilla

Spherical-shaped bacteria are called:

Cocci

Which of the following is NOT an infectious agent?

Plasmid

The first virus identified by scientists was the

Tobacco mosaic virus

Which of the following describes the shape of the rabies virus?

Helical

The term used when a viral DNA combines with the host cell's DNA is a:

Prophage

Which of the following diseases is associated with a retrovirus?

HIV

A rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people locally is called an:

Epidemic

In vaccines, what part of the pathogen generally triggers the immune system?

The surface proteins

What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain?

Purple

What color do Gram-negative bacteria stain?

Red

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that plants can use is:

Nitrogen fixation

Which bacteria cause botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

Which of the following is an example of an obligate aerobe?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacteria that can survive whether oxygen is present or not are called:

Facultative aerobes

Which of the following viral infections has a vaccine available for children between 12 and 15 months?

Mumps

Which viral infection causes anxiety, paralysis, and fear of water?

Rabies

Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by a:

Tick bite

Tetanus is caused by a wound contaminated with soil containing:

Clostridium tetani

Which bacterium is associated with chronic cysts and blackheads (acne)?

Propionibacterium

Which enzyme do retroviruses use to make a DNA copy from RNA?

Reverse transcriptase

An epidemic that spreads globally is called a:

Pandemic

In which infection pathway does a virus combine its DNA into the host cell's DNA without immediately destroying it?

Lysogenic infection

Which of the following structures helps a bacteriophage attach to a host cell?

Tail fibers

What is the protective outer coat of a virus called?

Lipid envelope

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a fatal brain disease associated with:

Prions

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through a process called:

Binary fission

Which structure forms a hollow bridge connecting two bacteria during conjugation?

Pili

Small rounded lumps on the roots of legumes that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria are called:

Nodules

Which of the following causes the common cold?

Viruses

Adding antibiotics to the food of healthy livestock is an example of:

Misuse

The bacteria that typically cause "strep throat" belong to the group:

Streptococci

What term describes materials that can be broken down by bacteria?

Biodegradable

Using antibiotics when bacteria are not causing an illness is an example of:

Overuse

The structure that surrounds the main genetic material of a typical prokaryote is the:

Cytoplasm