Work/ Employment (STEP)

Satisfaction

1. Professor Sue/ TUC

• microagressions e.g. ‘where are you really from’ on basis of skin colour, (70% = born in UK), stereotypes, racist assumptions, minorities = disadvantaged in job market, alienation/ isolation, questioning nationalism/ belonging, ethnic inequality

• 27% experienced racist jokes/ banter, 26% felt discomfort at work

2. Joseph Rowntree Foundation

• pakistanis/ bangladeshis = more likely/ forced into being self-employed, racism in recruitment system, difficulty covering cost of sick/ holiday pay, lower wages, ethnic inequality

Top Jobs

1. Davidson/ Rollock

• extra difficulty for minority women to break glass ceiling (‘concrete ceiling’), racism/ sexism, ethnic inequality

• black women = only 0.1% of professors compared to 68% white men, ethnic inequality

2. Runnymede Trust/ Guardian Poll

• only 15 black academics in british university system in senior management, ethnic inequality

• 60% of minorities = overlooked for promotion compared to 35% of whites, ethnic inequality

Employment Opportunities

1. Brown & Gay

• job interview applications, identical quals/ experiences, candidates with white/ black/ asian names, white = 2x offers, racial bias in recruitment, ethnic inequality

2. Sewell Report

• high unemployment rates for blacks/ pakistanis/ bangladeshis, e.g. 9%/ 8% compared to 4% for whites, underrepresentation of minorities at top of ladder, ethnic inequality

Pay/ Income

1. Modood/ Platt

• economic differences between minorities, rejection of racial dualism model (minorities/ whites division),  ethnic inequality

• differences in pay per hour based on ethnicity/ gender, white british women > pakistani/ bangladeshi/ black african women, white british men = 3^rd highest behind indian/ chinese, ethnic inequality

2. Heath & McMahon

• ‘ethnic pay penalty’ (cabinet), black/ asian minorities = disadvantaged compared to similarly qualified whites, unexplained gap in work/ rewards/ achievements e.g. 1.9m BAME paid £3.2bn less per year, most affected = black male graduates (17%, £3.90 less per hour), in 2019 median hourly pay = 29p higher for whites, pakistani/ bangladeshi earned lowest, ethnic inequality

3. UK Women’s Budget Group

• bangladeshi women = more likely to work in public sector with lower pay/ employment rates, exposure to pay freezes/ loss of employment, ethnic inequality