Lab Exam 3 - BMS308

Drug

a substance that affects some aspect of physiology when given to the body

Endogenous Compound

a substance that is normally found in the body

ex. K+

Physiological Effect

normal effect of the substances at healthy concentrations

Pharmacological Effect

effect of the compound when administered as a drug

Pilocarpine

a Muscarinic-Ach receptor agonist

• binds to M-Ach receptor and stimulates parasympathetic activities

• lowers heart rate

Atropine

blocks nicotinic-Ach receptors

• decreases the activity of parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

• increases heart rate and contractility

Epinephrine

a sympathomimetic drug that activates beta-adrenergic receptors leading to an increase in cAMP production in the cytoplasm

• increases heart rate and contractility

Digitalis

a cardiac glycoside, which is a family of compounds that blocks the Na/K pump.

• leads to a build up of Na+ and Ca+ inside the cell

• increases contractility

Calcium Ions

a larger influx of Ca+ when the channels are opened during the plateau phase of the myocardial cell action potential

• increases the length of the plateau and repolarization periods

• increases heart rate and contractility

Potassium Ions

addition of K+ ions to the ECF results in an increase in resting membrane potential of myocardial cells

• increases heart rate

Blood Flow

the amount of blood moving through a tissue in a given period of time (cardiac output)

Blood Pressure

the force the blood exerts onto the wall of the blood vessel

Peripheral Resistance

friction between the blood vessel and the blood causes resistance to the blood flow

Viscosity

measure of blood’s thickness

Cardiac Output

volume of blood pumped from the heart to the body per minute

• this is the product of heart rate x stroke volume

Ventricular Contractility

muscle’s capacity to generate force

Preload

ventricular end-diastolic pressure

Afterload

pressure the ventricles have to work against as they pump blood

Systole

ventricular contraction period

Diastole

period in which ventricles are not contracting

End Diastolic Volume

volume of blood in the ventricle when atrial systole and ventricular filling are complete

End Systolic Volume

volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of the ejection phase

Inspiratory Muscles

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Expiratory Muscles

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall

Static Lung Volume

measurement of the volume is unaffected by time

Dynamic Lung Volume

time is a component in the measurement of lung volume

Spirometry

measures the volume of the lung through a spirograph

• positive slope = inspiration

• negative slope = expiration

Respirometer

measuring respiration by the change in O2 and CO2 in a closed system

Tidal Volume (TV)

the volume of a normal resting inspiration/expiration

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of air forcefully inspired after a normal inspiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air that is forcefully expired after a normal expiration

Residual Volume (RV)

what remains after maximum expiration

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

amount of air that can be inhaled including resting and forceful

Vital Capacity (VC)

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled and exhaled

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

amount of air left in the lung after a normal exhale

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

maximum amount of air within the lungs