Prevention, Identification, Recovery and Management of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

medication

most commonly used of the medical therapies

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Is used in some severe cases of depression that do not respond to other treatments. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant before

the induction of general seizures, which are produced by electricity applied through electrodes on the head

psychosurgery

The attempt to improve psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery

brain stimulation

Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

neurofeedback

A type of biofeedback used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and seizures by teaching the client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic theory)

directive therapy, free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference

humanistic therapy (humanistic theory)

non-directive therapy, unconditioned positive regard, reflection, empathy

behaviour therapy (behaviourism)

application of classical and operant learning principles in behavior modification, therapy based on observed behaviour only

cognitive therapy (cognition)

cognitive restructuring, combination of restructuring with behaviour modification in cognitive behavioural therapy

biological treatments (biology)

medication, electrocution therapy, psychosurgery, brain stimulation, neurofeedback

homeostasis

a steady internal balance or equilibrium

motivation

maintains homeostasis

set points

To achieve homeostasis, organisms actively defend certain values known as _________

stimulus

Motivation begins with a ____________, from either the internal or external environment, that serves as a cue for motivated behaviour

drive

a state of tension and arousal triggered by stimuli

important for survival

drive reduction

the state of relief and reward produced by

removing the tension and arousal of the drive state

treating asd

asd is accompanied by abnormalities in the neurotransmitters serotonin, GABA, and glutamate, no medications have been proved effective in alleviating symptoms

- The most commonly used psychological treatment for ASD is ABA, which relies on the principles of operant conditioning

- ABA focuses on observable, socially important behaviors such as language and should produce lasting improvements that generalize to settings outside the therapy setting

treating adhd

- Many children with a diagnosis of ADHD are treated with medication, either alone or in combination with behaviour

therapy.

imethylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dextrine or Dextrostat), and a combination of amphetamine salts (Adderall).

most commonly prescribed drugs for adhd, which increase dopamine and norepinephrine

- Although it might seem strange to treat a disorder that often features hyperactivity, or high levels of impulsive behaviour, with a stimulant.

- The rationale for stimulant treatment of ADHD suggests that impulsive hyperactivity occurs if the parts of the brain responsible for planned, thoughtful behaviour, such as the basal ganglia and frontal lobes, are not active enough.

treating schizophrenia

most patients are treated with medication

The medication, phenothiazines, reduce psychosis, which act as dopamine antagonists, blocking dopamine at the receptor sites.

- 1/4 of patients don't respond to these drugs

- drugs reduce psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), but can't reduce negative symptoms like social withdrawal and emotional disturbanceTardive dyskinesia:

Tardive dyskinesia

a syndrome that results from the use of

phenothiazines by some patients; the syndrome produces tremors

and involuntary movements, especially of the face and tongue

treating bipolar disorder

primary form of treating this is using medication

lithium carbonate

The most commonly prescribed medication for bipolar disorder is is a simple salt, _________________

- lithium actions are specific to people with bipolar disorder

- problems: nausea, vomiting, muscular tremors, seizures, and even coma.

- Because of these risks, patients must have regular blood tests to monitor their lithium levels.

- Most individuals with bipolar disorder appear to require medication to alleviate their symptoms, and psychotherapy alone is not typically considered an option.

treating major depressive disorder

1) medication

2) psychotherapy alternatives

3) exercise

4) cognitive + behavioural

cbt

psychotherapy alternatives for treating major depressive disorder

the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)

most common medication for treating major depressive disorder

- these medications increase serotonin activity

at the synapse by interfering with reuptake of the neurotransmitter --> more serotonin is available in the synapse.

Prozac and Zoloft.

popular brands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)

treating anxiety disorders

typically treated by using medication, CBT, or a combination of the two.

- want to produce a "tranquilizing" effect

gaba

Because ________ is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, a common method for slowing brain activity is to enhance the effects of ________ and you think tranquilizers should be used

- but antidepressants are most effective

treating ocd

can be treated with antidepressant medication, CBT, or a combination of both.

CBT for OCD

involves training the person to anticipate compulsive behaviour and then to engage in a competing

behavior. Meta-analyses show cbt for ocd is very effective

Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder

cbt, cognitive restructuring can help the individual think more realistically about perceived physical flaws.

- Many individuals with this disorder, however, insist on continued treatment by cosmetic surgeons and resist suggestions that they should obtain psychotherapy.

treating ptsd

PTSD is typically treated using exposure therapy with or without SSRI medications.

- Because many people with PTSD also develop a variety of substance use disorders, additional treatment addressing these disorders is necessary for full recovery.

Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder

- treatment is quite controversial

Treatment is aimed toward integrating the various personalities by first identifying and "working through" the traumatic memories related to the disorder

Hyponsis

most commonly used to treat dissociative identity disorder

- under hypnosis a suggestive person might be vulnerable to the manufacture of false memories, and individuals identified a having dissociative identity disorder appear to be far more suggestible than the general public.

Treating Somatic Symptom Disorders

Both biological and psychological treatments are commonly used to treat somatic symptom disorders, which involve physical symptoms such as pain that have no apparent physical basis.

medication with antidepressants and increases in physical activity

best biological treatments for somatic symptom disorders

Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder

- effective treatment is elusive but really important

- No known medications specifically reduce antisocial behaviour, although many incarcerated individuals are treated with tranquilizing drugs, including antipsychotic and anticonvulsant medications, to make their aggressive, violent behaviour more

manageable.

- Even if effective medications are discovered, individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to view themselves as "okay", and not in need of treatment

anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning

Psychological treatments for antisocial personality disorder include learning models that emphasize _______________________ (3 things)

treating borderline personality disorder

medications are frequently prescribed but none are currently approved

antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers

(e.g. lithium), anti-anxiety medications, and anticonvulsants

most common medications for borderline personality disorder

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder

- from this, individuals learn to manage stress, emotions, and relationships.

- In particular, psychotherapists emphasizes skills aimed at reducing the individual's potential for suicidal thinking and behaviour.

dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)

attempts to address symptoms in the order of their importance for borderline personality disorder: reducing suicidal thoughts, reducing behaviours that interfere with therapy, and finally reducing behaviours that interfere with the quality of life.