Plant Kingdom

Should algae be classified as a plant? First, explain why it might not be

lack of true stems, roots, and leaves, no xylem or phloem

most are also unicellular BUT some are also multicellular, where some consider those plants (also some still consider protists)

What are similarities between algae and plants

both have chlorophyll

have cell walls made of cellulose

store food as starch

have similar DNA sequences

What are the 4 major plant categories?

nonvascular land plants

seedless vascular plants

gymnosperms

angiosperms

arranged by evolution on land

what are nonvascular plants, what are examples and their habitat?

first land plants

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

damp shady places

what is nonvascular plant reproduction like… what is their structure?

reproduction: thru spores and flagellated sperm, requiring water to meet the egg

structure: low lying to the ground because of their lack of vascular tissue (to conduct water, sugars, minerals) and need to absorb moisture and nutrients from the environment

what are spores

unicellular reproductive units produced by nonvascular and seedless vascular plants

no built in food reservexs

habitat: moist, humid environments

what are seedless vascular plants, what are some examples, what is there reproduction like?

reproduction: through spores and flagellated sperm requiring water to meet the egg.

examples: ferns, horsetails, and clubmosses, primarily found in moist environments.

what is the structure of a seedless vascular plant? how does their vascular tissue act as an advantage?

specialized vascular tissues: xylem and phloem, allowing them to efficiently transport water, nutrients, and sugars.

This adaptation makes them taller than nonvascular plants because of their roots for absorption and support

what are seed plant examples? what is their structure like?

examples: lily, maple tree

structures: contains vascular tissue to conduct water, sugars, and dissolved minerals up to roots

what does the reproduction of a seed plant look like?

involves pollen - male sperm AKA pollen grain

this can be dispersed WITHOUT water to fertilize the ovules (contains an egg cell) which pollinates to develop a seed

explain the structure of a seed

protective structure for the plant embryo (becomes the roots, stems, and leaves) from drought, allowing the embryo to survive thru threatening environments for many years

seed contains food to start growing AKA germination

Pollen grain

Contains sperm

Ovule

Contains an egg cell

What happens after pollination

ovule develops into a seed

What does gymnosperm mean?

Naked seed

What are examples of gymnosperms

Pines, spruce, fir

How is reproduction

Pollen grains and ovules produced in cones that produce seeds not encased in a layer

What are Gymnosperm leaves like

Tough needle like leaves with thick cuticle to prevent water loss

How do female and male cones differ? What is their reproduction like?

Female: larger, higher up on the tree, scales become wood

Male: non-woody

Pollen grain from males (non-woody) cones blows to the female cone where the sperm joins the egg to form a zygote (fertilized egg)

Then an embryo forms within the seed

What are angiosperms, how common

Flowering plants, 90% of all plants

What is reproduction like for angiosperms?

Pollen grains and ovules produced in flowers

Produce seeds encased by a fruit

Their color and smell attract pollinators

Fruits can recruit animals to help w seed dispersal

What is the structure of angiosperms

Most have both male and female parts on the same flower

A mature ovary, containing seeds

Adaptations: for dispersal, includes burrs to stick to fur, coconuts that float seed thru body and appealing to eat and pass

What are the two classes of angiosperms, what is this based off of?

Monocots and dicots

Based off of a structure called cotyledon

What is a cotyledon

A structure in the embryo to nourish plants first starting to grow and becomes first seed leaf

What are monocots? What are examples?

Have one cotyledon

Ex. Corn, onions

What are dicots? What are examples?

Have 2 cotyledons

Ex. Dandelions, maple trees

Compare spores to seeds

spores are unicellular, microscopic, and produced in massive numbers for asexual reproduction, while seeds are multicellular, macroscopic, and contain a pre-packaged embryo and food supply for sexual reproduction

What is xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water

What is phloem

Vascular tissue that transports food

structures that allow plants to live on land

• Roots: Anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

• Stems: Support the plant and transport water, nutrients, and sugars between roots and leaves.

• Leaves: The primary site for photosynthesis; they often have a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

• Stomata: Small openings on leaves that allow for gas exchange, important for photosynthesis and respiration.

• Vascular tissue: Composed of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

What is germination

When a seed sprouts

What is the male part of the flower

Stamen

What is the female part of the flower

Pistil

What is the photosynthetic organ of the plant called

Leaf (contains stomata for gas exchange)

What is the reproductive organ of a plant called?

Flower (angiosperm), cones (gymnosperm)

What is the structure that anchors the plant and absorbs nutrients

Roots

What contains the plant’s sperm, produced by stamens

Pollen

What is the stomata

Small openings on leaves that allow gas exchange.