Year 9 Revision Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts across History, English, Science, Maths, and French for Year 9 revision.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrial and technological change, beginning in Britain in the late 18th century.

Early British Industrialisation

Industrial expansion in Britain driven by factors including coal and iron resources, investment, inventions, a growing population, trade, and improved transport.

Urbanisation

The growth of towns and cities as people moved from rural areas to find work.

British Empire

A large collection of territories controlled or influenced by Britain, which expanded greatly during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Slave Trade

The forced transportation and sale of enslaved people, particularly across the Atlantic, which Britain played a major role in before abolishing its trade in 1807.

Abolition Movement

A campaign to end slavery and the slave trade, involving activists, formerly enslaved people, religious groups and politicians.

Causes of the First World War

Long-term tensions including militarism, alliances, imperial rivalry and nationalism, with the crisis triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

Trench Warfare

A form of fighting in which opposing armies defended positions from extensive trenches, especially on the Western Front.

Holocaust

The systematic persecution and murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during the Second World War.

Cold War

A prolonged rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after the Second World War, involving political, military and ideological competition.

Metaphor

A comparison that says one thing is another to create a particular image or idea.

Simile

A comparison using words such as 'like' or 'as'.

Personification

Giving human qualities or actions to something non-human.

Imagery

Language that creates vivid mental pictures or appeals to the senses.

Foreshadowing

Hints or clues about events that may happen later in a text.

Juxtaposition

Placing contrasting ideas, characters or images close together to highlight differences.

Theme

A central idea or message explored in a text.

Protagonist

The main character in a story.

Antagonist

A character or force that opposes the protagonist.

Rhetorical Question

A question asked to make a point rather than to receive an answer.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Nucleus

A cell organelle that contains genetic material and controls the cell's activities.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen.

Respiration

A chemical process that releases energy from glucose; aerobic respiration uses oxygen.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Element

A substance made of only one type of atom.

Compound

A substance formed when atoms of different elements are chemically bonded.

Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape.

Energy

The capacity to do work or cause change.

Food Chain

A sequence showing how energy and nutrients pass between organisms through feeding.

Prime Number

A whole number greater than $1$ with exactly two positive factors: $1$ and itself.

Factor

A whole number that divides another number exactly.

Percentage

A proportion expressed out of $100$.

Mean

A measure found by adding all the values and dividing by the total number of values.

Probability

A measure of how likely an event is to happen, from $0$ to $1$ (or $0\%$ to $100\%$).

Linear Equation

An equation in which the variable has a highest power of $1$, often represented by a straight line on a graph.

Pythagoras' Theorem

For a right-angled triangle, $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$, where $c$ is the hypotenuse.

Area

The amount of two-dimensional surface inside a shape, measured in square units.

Ratio

A way of comparing quantities using the same units.

Standard Form

A way of writing very large or small numbers as $a \times 10^n$, where $1 \le a < 10$.

Je suis

French phrase meaning 'I am'.

J'ai

French phrase meaning 'I have'.

J'aime

French phrase meaning 'I like'.

Je n'aime pas

French phrase meaning 'I don't like'.

Parce que

French word meaning 'because'.

Mais

French word meaning 'but'.

Et

French word meaning 'and'.

Hier

French word for 'yesterday'.

Aujourd'hui

French word for 'today'.

Demain

French word for 'tomorrow'.