BIOM1001 MOD4 LEC1 Functions & Anantomy of Respiratory System

What are the Functions of Respiratory System

1. Respiration

2. External Respiration

3. Internal Respiration

4. Cellular Respiration

5. Ventilation

6. Perfusion

What is Respiration

• Intake of Oxygen and release of Carbon dioxide

• Cells need oxygen to make energy (ATP), occurring through cellular respiration in mitochondria

• C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What is External Respiration

• Ventilation : exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs

• Gas Exchange : Exchange of gases between lungs and bloodstream

• Gas Transport : transport of O2 and CO2 by blood

What is Internal Respiration

• Gas exchange : Exchange of O2 and CO3 between blood and cells in body

What is Cellular Respiration

Metabolism within cells

What is Ventilation

Mechanical movement of muscles and thoracic cavity causing air flow into and out of the lungs

What is Perfusion

Passage of blood through blood vessels in organ or tissue

What is included in the Conducting Zone

• Upper respiratory system: mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

• Lower respiratory system: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

What is in the Respiratory Zone

• Alveoli and respiratory bronchioles - involved in gas exchange

What does Upper respiratory system do?

Route for incoming and outgoing air

• conducts air to alveoli, deep in lungs

• Removes debris and pathogens from incoming air

• Warms and humidifies incoming air

What is in the Respiratory Epithelium

Found in conchae, meat uses, paranasal sinuses of nose and trachea

GOBLET CELLS

• produce mucous to trap debris

CILIA

• removes mucous and debris from nasal cavity

• Constant beating motion ; sweep material to throat to swallow

CAPILLARIES

• warms air by convention

The Larynx - what are the major cartilage pieces

Cartilaginous structure connecting pharynx to trachea

EPIGLOTTIS

• elastic cartilage that covers trachea during swallowing

THYROID CARTILAGE

• largest ; forms the Adam’s apple

CRICOID CARTILAGE

• ring shaped and supports airways

The Larynx - muscles?

GLOTTIS

• Includes vestibular folds, vocal chords and space between

VESTIBULAR FOLDS

• false vocal chords (protect airways)

• Mucous membrane

TRUE VOCAL CHORDS

• Vibrates to produce sound

The Pharynx - what are the 3 regions?

NASOPHARYNX - behind nasal cavity

• Air passage only

• contains pharyngeal tonsils to trap pathogens

• Connects Eustachian tubes - ear pressure

• Uvula and soft palate close when swallowing

OROPHARYNX - Behind Mouth

• Air + food passage

• Palatine and lingual tonsils for immune defence

• Lined with stratified squamous epithelium for friction protection

LARYNGOPHARYNX - behind larynx

• Air and food pathway

• Opens anteriorly into larynx, posteriorly to esophagus

What is included in the anatomy of the thorax? (6)

• Bones

• Muscles

• Pleural membranes

• Visceral pleural

• Parietal pleural

• Pleural cavity

Bones and Muscles in the Thorax (2)(6)

BONES

• spine + ribcage (sternum & ribs)

MUSCLES

• Diaphram

• Externalcoastals and Internalcoastals

• Sternocleidomastoids

• Scalenes

• Abdominal muscles

What are the 2 Pleural Membrane and what do they do?

1) Visceral Pleura

• attached to the lungs surface

2) Parietal Pleura

• Attached to the ribs

Small amount of pleural fluid between the membranes to reduce friction

Helps lungs stay inflated

The Visceral Pleura

• covers the surface of lungs

• Helps maintain shape, prevents lungs collapse

The Parietal Pleura

• Lines thoracic cavity

• Covers lungs, heart + major blood vessels

What is the pleural cavity and what does it do?

• The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleural, containing pleural fluid.

• Reduces friction by creating a slippery surface through which the membranes slide across one another.

• Surface tension sticks the lungs to thoracic wall, holding the lungs open.