CONSTMAT REVIEWER

KEY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1. Tensile Strength

2. Yield Strength

3. Ductility

4. Toughness

Steel

is a ferrous alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon.

Tensile Strength

Ability to resist being pulled apart.

Yield Strength

The stress level where steel begins permanent

Ductility

The ability to stretch or be reshaped without cracking.

Toughness

Ability to absorb energy before fracturing, especially under sudden loads

TYPES OF STEEL

CARBON STEEL

ALLOY STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL

TOOL STEEL

TYPES OF CARBON STEEL

LOW CARBON STEEL

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

HIGH CARBON STEEL

Carbon steel

Classified by carbon content, where carbon provides hardness and strength

Low Carbon (Mild) Steel

High ductility and weldability; most common in civil engineering

Medium Carbon Steel

Higher strength but reduced ductility

High Carbon Steel

Very hard and wear-resistant

Alloy Steel

Contains significant alloying elements

Stainless Steel

Contains at least 11% chromium to resist corrosion

Tool Steel

Designed for extreme hardness and heat resistance

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES

Annealing

Normalizing

Hardening

Tempering

Annealing

Refines grain structure, softens the steel

Normalizing

Faster cooling than annealing

Hardening

Rapid Cooling (quenching) to produce a very hard, brittle structure called MARTENSITE

Tempering

Reheating hardened steel

STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES

I-Shape / H-Shape

Channel Section (C-Shape)

Angle Section (L-Shape)

Hollow Sections

REINFORCING STEEL BAR (REBAR)

steel bars provide the necessary tensile strength.

COMMON TYPES OF REBAR

Mild Steel Bars

Deformed/Twisted Bars

TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated)

Welded Wire Mesh

Mild Steel Bars

Smooth surface; requires hooks at the end for bonding.

Deformed/Twisted Bars

Feature ridges for better bonding with concrete

TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated)

self-tempering for high strength and earthquake resistance

Welded Wire Mesh

Grid of wires used for reinforcing slabs and walls.

Composite

is a material formed by combining two or more distinct substances with different physical and chemical properties

Fiber (Reinforcement)

Filaments with a high aspect ratio ; that carry most of the applied load

Matrix (Binder)

The continuous phase that holds the fibers together

Interface/Interphase

The critical boundary region where the fiber and matrix meet

Continuous Fiber Composites

Feature long, aligned strands offering superior mechanical properties

Discontinuous Fiber Composites

Use shorter, they are easier and cheaper to produce but have lower overall strength.

FIBER ORIENTATION AND ARRANGEMENT

UNIDIRECTIONAL

BIDIRECTIONAL

RANDOM

Unidirectional

Fibers run parallel in one direction

Bidirectional (2D)

Fibers are aligned in two directions (often woven)

Random

Fibers are placed without a specific pattern

TYPES OF REINFORCING FIBERS

STEEL FIBERS

GLASS FIBERS

CARBON FIBERS

SYNTHETIC

NATURAL FIBERS

STEEL FIBERS

Provide high flexural strength and toughness

GLASS FIBERS

Commonly used due to their balance of strength and affordability

CARBON FIBERS

Known for extreme stiffness and high strength-to-weight ratio

SYNTHETIC

Primarily used to control plastic shrinkage cracks during the early stages of concrete curing.

NATURAL FIBERS

Sustainable, low-cost options (e.g., bamboo, coconut) used for non-structural components

(FRC) Fiber -Reinforced Concrete

incorporates fibers into a concrete mix to address the brittleness and low tensile strength

KEY BENEFITS OF (FRC)

CRACK CONTROL

DUCTILITY

IMPACT RESISTANCE

LIMITATION

TIMBER

(or lumber) refers to wood that has been processed into beams and planks

Exogenous Trees

Grow outwards by adding rings annually ; These are the primary source of structural timber

Endogenous Trees

Grow inwards ; are generally used for decorative or limited structural purposes

STRUCTURE OF TIMBER

1. PITH

2. HEARTWOOD

3. SAPWOOD

4. CAMBIUM LAYER

5. ANNUAL RINGS

PITH

The innermost core of the tree

HEARTWOOD

he older, darker, and harder wood surrounding the pith

SAPWOOD

The outer, lighter layer that transports water and nutrients

CAMBIUM LAYER

The thin layer where new growth occurs

ANNUAL RINGS

their spacing can indicate the timber’s density

SOFTWOOD

Usually evergreen with needlelike leaves (e.g., Pine, Cedar, Fir).

• Faster growth, generally less dense

HAARDWOOD

Deciduous trees with broad leaves (e.g., Mahogany, Oak, Ash)

• Slower growth, higher density, and generally more durable

Timber Deformation And Defects

1. Natural Defects

2. Seasoning Defects

3. Fungal/Insect Damage

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF TIMBER

Anisotropy

Moisture Content

Failure Modes

Innovations I Timber

Engineered Wood Products (EWP):

PLYWOOD

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMMBER (CLT)

GLULAM

GLASS

is a transparent or translucent inorganic material made by fusing silica

KEY PROPERTIES OF GLASS

TRANSPARENCY

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

HARDNESS & BRITTLENESS

WORKABILITY

TRANSPARENCY

Allows natural light to enter buildings

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

Highly resistant to most acids and environmental weathering

HARDNESS & BRITTLENESS

Very hard surface but prone to shattering under impact.

WORKABILITY

Can be molded, blown, or pressed into various shapes when molten

COMPOSITION OF GLASS

SILICA

SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH)

CALCIUM OXIDE (LIME)

CULLET

SILICA

The primary glass-forming agent (DERIVED FROM SAND)

SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH)

Lowers the melting point of silica

CALCIUM OXIDE (LIME)

Acts as a stabilizer to prevent the glass from dissolving in water

CULLET

Crushed recycled glass

TYPES OF GLASS IN CONSTRUCTION

FLOAT GLASS

LAMINATED GLASS

TEMPERED GLASS

INSULATED GLASS UNITS (IGU)

WIRED GLASS

LOW-E GLASS

FLOAT GLASS

The standard flat glass used for windows

LAMINATED GLASS

Two or more layers of glass held together by an interlayer

TEMPERED GLASS

It breaks into small, dull granules rather than sharp shards

(IGU) INSULATED GLASS UNITS

Double or triple-paned windows with a vacuum or gas-filled space between them

WIRED GLASS

Contains an embedded wire mesh

LOW-E GLASS

a special coating that reflects infrared light

POLYMERS

are highmolecular-weight compounds

PROCESS OF POLYMERS

POLYMERIZATION

FORMED POLYMERA BY?

MONOMERS

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

THERMOPLASTICS

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

ELASTOMERS

THERMPLASTICS

Soften when heated and harden when cooled; this process is reversible

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

Undergo a chemical change when heated to form a rigid, cross-linked structure that cannot be remelted

ELASTOMERS

Possess high elasticity and can return to their original shape after being stretched.

POLYMERS IN CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION

Pipping Systems

Flooring And Wall Coverings

Insulation

Adhesive Abd Sealants

Structural Strengthening

Polymer-Modified Bitumen (PMB)

Adding polymers (like SBS or EVA) to bitumen (asphalt) improves its performance in road construction.

Miscellaneous Building Materials

These are specialized materials that complement primary structural materials (like steel and concrete) to enhance a building's functionality, durability, and aesthetics

Adhesives and Sealants

Used to bond materials or fill gaps to prevent the passage of air and water

Bitumen and Tar

Used primarily for waterproofing roofs and in road construction (asphalt)

Grout And Mortar

Used to fill voids between tiles or bind masonry units like bricks and blocks

Insulating Materials

Materials like Glass Wool or Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) used to reduce heat transfer and noise

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

is a widely used masonry unit in the Philippines consisting of an outer shell with one or more hollow cores

TYPES OF CHB

LOAD -BEARING

NON LOAD-BEARINGTESTIN

TESTING OF CHB

Compressive Strength Test

Absorption Test

Moisture Content

Modern Innovations in Masonry (CHB)

Eco-Bricks (Green Antz Builders)

Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF)

TwistBlocks

Cobogo-Style Bricks