BSC 216 Exam 4 & Reproductive System HW/DSMs

Mature sperm are stored in the ___ for 40-60 days. If they are not used during this time they will be reabsorbed.

epididymis

What structure of the female reproductive anatomy is homologous to the scrotum of males?

labia majora

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome codes for the protein _____, which initiates the development of the testes.

testes determining factor (TDF)

At 8-9 weeks, ____ is secreted to develop the mesonephric ducts into the male anatomy.

testosterone

During the emission stage of male orgasm, _____ signals stimulate peristalsis to propel sperm through the ducts.

sympathetic

The absence of ____ is the main factor that controls the development of the female gonads.

androgen hormones (testosterone)

What structure acts to regulate temperature in the scrotum by relaxing to suspend the testes further from the body?

Cremaster muscle

Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to give rise to Type A and Type B daughter cells. What happens to the Type B daughter cells?

They are destined to become sperm

What are the steps of spermatogenesis in the correct order?

Type B daughter cell, growth, primary spermatocyte, meiosis I, secondary spermatocyte, meiosis II, spermatids

The bulbourethral gland produces ?

clear slippery secretion that neutralizes acidity of leftover urine in the male urethra

After leaving the ductus (vas) deferens, sperm travels through the last three structures in what order?

ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

What occurs during spermiogenesis (the production of tailed sperm)?

mitochondria multiply and accumulate high numbers in the sperm

When a sperm encounters an egg, it first penetrates the ___ and then the ___ of the oocyte (egg).

granulosa cells, zona pellucida

Sperm penetration into the egg releases an inflow of ____ that causes the fast block (depolarization of the egg membrane).

sodium (Na+)

During cleavage, the blastocyst is formed around day 5. What layer of the blastocyst will form the embryonic disk and differentiate into the three primary germ layers (what layer is destined to become the embryo)?

inner cell mass- embryoblast

During implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall, the blastocyst (specifically the trophoblast) secretes the hormone ___, which stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone.

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

The presence of all the organs at the end of _____ weeks marks the time when the embryo becomes a fetus.

8

The ____ secretes hormones and provides nutritional, excretory, and respiratory functions.

placenta

By the end of week ___ of prenatal development, the body of the fetus is covered with lanugo and brown fat forms.

20

_____, or the onset of breast development, is the earliest noticeable sign of puberty in females.

thelarche

At the onset of female puberty, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the ___ to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

anterior pituitary

The innermost layer of the uterus, which is the site of embryonic attachment is called the ?

endometrium

During female puberty, the hormone ___ is important in stimulating growth of the ovaries and secondary sex organs, while the hormone ____ primarily prepares the uterus for possible pregnancy.

estrogen (estradiol) and progesterone

When ovulation occurs, the oocyte has already completed ___.

meiosis I only

Ovulation results in the formation of the ___, which produces large amounts of progesterone that will act to thicken the endometrial wall of the uterus.

corpus luteum

Which hormone causes uterine contractions during labor, and is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to the stretching of the cervix by the head of the fetus?

oxytocin (OT)

Which of the primary germ layers forms the connective tissues, ureters, gonads, and genital ducts?

mesoderm

The ____ phase of the ovarian cycle typically occurs from days 1-14, and ends when ovulation occurs.

follicular

Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from day 15 to day 26, and is characterized by the drastic thickening of the endometrium in response to progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum?

secretory phase

The product of fertilization in order of increasing development is:

zygote, blastocyst, embryo, fetus

What is a hormone that does not significantly influence pregnancy (after fertilization)?

follicle stimulating hormone

List the four recognizable phases of the sexual response in order from start to finish.

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

In preparation for labor, the fetus usually turns "head down" into the ____ position during the ___ week of gestation.

vertex, 28th

____ forms in late pregnancy and is similar to breast milk in protein and lactose, but contains one-third less fat.

colostrum

The female reproductive tract develops from the ____ ducts, and the male reproductive tract develops from the ___ ducts.

paramesonephric (müllerian), mesonephric (wolffian)

An oocyte fertilized by two sperm has a ____ probability of survival.

low

Ovulation is usually ________ from month to month.

alternated between left and right ovaries

The ____ phase of the menstrual cycle brings about tissue necrosis of the endometrium and menstrual cramps.

premenstrual

During the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the developing follicle will secrete more and more ____, which leads to a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) to help complete ovulation.

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

____ is the midlife change in hormone secretion in females, which is accompanied by ___, the cessation of menstruation.

climacteric, menopause

From one original cell, what is produced at the conclusion of meiosis II of spermatogenesis?

four genetically unique daughter cells, each with 23 nonreplicated chromosomes

During an erection, blood from the testicular arteries fills the vascular spaces of the ?

corpus cavernosum of the penis

The organ systems rudimentarily form during which period?

embryonic

What triggers the acrosomal reaction?

the binding of the sperm cells to the zona pellucida

What does the ectoderm form?

the majority of the nervous system and sense organs

What does the mesoderm form?

the gonads, kidneys, and spleen of the developing embryo

What does the endoderm form?

the majority of the liver, the gallbladder, and pancreas

Which vascular shunt connects the fetal left and right atria?

the foramen ovale

Where do the first blood cells in humans arise from?

the yolk sac

What is the first major event of organogenesis?

neurulation

The ____ will be established by week 12 of prenatal development.

placenta

Approximately _____ days after fertilization, a fetus is considered full-term and ready to be born.

266

What is the fetal hormone that initiates labor?

cortisol

Which of the following structures of the female reproductive anatomy is homologous to the scrotum of males?

-vestibule

-clitoris

-labia majora

-labia minora

-mons pubis

labia majora

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome codes for the protein, ---, which initiates the development of the testes. At 8-9 weeks, --- is secreted to develop the mesonephric ducts into the male anatomy

testosterone-determining factor (TDF) and mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)

During the emission stage of male organs, --- signals stimulate peristalsis to propel sperm through the ducts.

sympathetic

True of False: The absence of androgen hormones (testosterone) is the main factor that controls the development of the female gonads

True

Which of the following structures acts to regulate temperature in the scrotum by relaxing to suspend the testes further from the body?

Cremaster muscle

Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to give rise to Type A and Type B daughter cells. Which of the following is a true statement about Type B daughter cells?

-They are lost as polar bodies

-They are destined to become sperm

-They are haploid (1n)

-The maintain the germ line of spermatogonia

They are destined to become sperm

Put the following steps of spermatogenesis in the correct order:

Type B-daughter cell, growth, primary spermatocyte, meiosis I, secondary spermatocyte, meiosis II, spermatids

The bulbourethral gland produces which of the following?

Clear slippery secretion that neutralizes acidity of leftover urine in the male uterthra

After leaving the ductus (vas) deferens, sperm travels through the last 3 structures in what order?

ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Which of the following occurs during spermiogenesis (the production of tailed sperm)?

-Microtubules form the acrosome

-Mitochondria are expelled from the spermatid

-The spermatid keeps the vast majority of its cytoplasm

-Mitochondria multiply and accumulate high numbers in the sperm

Mitochondria multiply and accumulate high numbers in the sperm

When a sperm encounters an egg, it first penetrates the ---- and then the --- of the oocyte (egg).

granulosa cells; zona pellucida

True or False: Sperm penetration into the egg releases an inflow of calcium (Ca2+) that causes the fast block (depolarization of the egg membrane).

False

During cleavage, the blastocyst is formed around day 5. What layer of the blastocyst will form the embryonic disk and differentiate into the three primary germ layers (in other words, what layer is destined to become the embryo)?

Inner cell mass- Embryoblast

During implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall, the blastocyst (specifically, the trophoblast) secretes the hormone ----, which stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

True or False: The presence of all the organs at the end of 8 weeks marks the time when the embryo become a fetus.

True

True or False: The placenta does NOT secrete hormones; it only provides nutritional, excretory, and respiratory functions.

False

By the end of week --- of prenatal development, the body of the fetus is covered with lanugo and brown fat forms.

20

True or False: Pubarche, or the onset of breast development, is the earliest noticeable sign of puberty in females.

False

At the onset of female puberty, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the --- to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Anterior pituitary

The innermost layer of the uterus, which is the site of embryonic attachment is called the

Endometrium

During female puberty, the hormone --- is important in stimulating growth of the ovaries and secondary sex organs, while the hormone ---- primarily prepares the uterus for possible pregnancy.

Estrogen (Estradiol) and Progesterone

True of False: When ovulation occurs, the oocyte has already completed both Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

False

Ovulation results in the formation of the ---, which produces large amounts of progesterone that will act to thicken the endometrial wall of the uterus.

Corpus luteum

Which of the following hormones causes uterine contractions during labor, and is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to the stretching of the cervix by the head of the fetus?

Oxytocin (OT)

Which of the primary germ layers forms the connective tissues, ureters, gonads, and ducts

Mesoderm

True or False: The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle typically occurs from days 1-14, and ends when ovulation occurs.

False

Which of the following phases of the menstrual cycle occurs from day 15 to day 26, and is characterized by the drastic thickening of the endometrium in response to progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum?

Secretory phase

The product of fertilization in order of increasing development is as follows:

zygote, blastocyst, embryo, fetus

Which of the following hormones does NOT significantly influence pregnancy (i.e., after fertilization)?

-Estrogens

-Progesterone

-Follicle stimulating hormone

-Human chorionic gonadotropin

-Human chorionic somatomammotropin

Follicle stimulating hormone

The major hormones involved during the course of pregnancy are primarily secreted by the

Placenta

List four recognizable phases of the sexual response in order from start to finish.

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

In preparation for labor, the fetus usually turns "head down" into the --- position during the --- week of gestation.

vertex, 28th

True or False: Colostrum forms in late pregnancy and is similar to breast milk in lactose and fat but contains three times as much protein.

False

True of False: The female reproductive tract develops from the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts, and the male reproductive tract develops from the mesonephric (wollfian) ducts.

True

True or False: An oocyte fertilized by two sperm has a high probability of survival

False

True or False: Ovulation is usually alternated between left and right ovaries from month to month. For example, the left ovary will ovulate one month, and the right ovary the next month.

True

Which of the following statements is true about the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

-Corpus luteum increases in size

-Progesterone levels rise

-Occurs in the first 14 days of the cycle

-Brings about tissue necrosis of the endometrium and menstrual cramps

-causes endometrial thickening and growth

Brings about tissue necrosis of the endometrium and menstrual cramps.

During the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the developing follicle will secrete more and more ---, which leads to a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) to help complete ovulation.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

--- is the midlife change in hormone secretion in females, which is accompanied by ---, the cessation of menstruation.

climacteric, menopause

Anaphase 1

During what phase are homologous chromosomes separated from one another and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers?

Vagina (clitoris, labia minora and mons pubis are all correct)

Which of the following is NOT part of the female's external genitalia?

Gastrulation

Which of the following steps must occur first during the embryonic period?

spermatid; sperm

Spermiogenesis begins with a ___________ and ends with a ____________

Cephalic-caudal

Along which line of the embryo does the primitive streak form?

Ductus deferens

Sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the:

Clotting proteins

What component allows semen to temporarily coagulate once ejaculated?

False (Answer would be correct if it said ovary)

T/F

The uterus is anchored by the broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and the round ligament