Biol 1402- TTU Dr. Held Exam 3

Invertebrate

An animal without a backbone that is not of our own phyla

Pores

-Body holes which allow the intake of water

-found on Porifera ("pores")

Preadaptation

the change of a function of a structure. In the case of FISH, it lead to the creation of a "new" structure= jaw

Amphibians

-the first chordate group to have true lungs

-legs: evolved from lobe-finned fish, and are held out from the body

-skin is used for gas exchange (lungs=small)

--take in oxygen through their skin. This makes them have to keep moist

Reptiles

-the first vertebrates fully adapted to living on land

-legs are located under the body--> faster

Birds

-warm blooded ("endothermic" ="homeoth")--> metabolic activity needed for flight

-Preadaptation: insulation (trap air)--> flight

-hollow bones

Mammals

1. placentals: placenta, long gestation

2. marsupials: pouch, young born early

3. (missing link) monotremes: lay eggs (e.g. duck-billed platypus)

Genus-Homo

Peter Pan Theory: human adult= baby chimp

Cnidaria

-"needles"

-jellyfish, hydras, corals, sea anemones

-inside each cell is a harpoon= nematocyst which is triggered by scent or touch of prey; has a paralytic toxin

Platyhelminthes

-"flat worms"

-flatworms, tapeworms

-has a one ended gut

Nematodes

-roundworms

-parasitic invertebrate

Molluscs

-snails (& slugs) , octopuses (& squids), clams

-foot of snail/ clam (gripping) --> tentacles and suckers of octopuses

-mantle: thick folds of tissue--> shell in snails and clams

--shell= calcium carbonate, and grows like a fingernail

Annelids

-"tiny worms"

-earthworms and leeches

-muscles: circular or longitudinal--> move through waves of contractions from head to tail

-- (e.g. human tongue)

Arthropods

-"jointed foot"

-insects, spiders, lobsters, centipedes, crabs, crustaceans

-exoskeleton/ armor (a reason for success)

--insects: chitin (polysaccharide)- flexibility

Echinoderms

-"spiny skin"

-sea stars, sea urchins

-tube feet=hydraulic system

-- =locomotion: water balloons push out/ extend tube foot causing a sucker to anchor the sea star to the surface

Humans

Genus= homo

Species= sapiens

what does F-A-R-M-B stand for?

Fish-Amphibians-Reptiles-Mammal-Birds

Homeostasis

-ideal/home state to stay in

-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Epithelial Tissue

-2 dimensional sheets of cells

a. squamous-flat (squishy)

b. cuboidal -cube

c. columnar- column/cylindrical

Connective Tissue

-joins 2 things

a. ~ rubber bands= (collagen)

1. loose- joins skin to underlying muscle

2. fibrous (slow healing tissue)

a. tendons-connect bone to muscle

b. ligaments- connect bone to bone

b. shock absorbers

1. adipose-protects internal organs ~bubble wrap

2.cartilaginous

a. ear

b. nose

c. inter vertebrae disks= protect the spine from injury= cushion

d. joints

prob. arthritis & burthitis

Plasma

-serum

-lymph

-mostly water and dissolved proteins

Lymphatic system

immune system

Clotting factors

-trick to stop blood loss at a wound site

-made of fibrinogen--> makes fibrous protein

-- precursor of fibrin

Spleen

filters out dead red blood cells (RBCs)

Bone Marrow

makes new RBCs through tissues that come from stem cells

Erythropoetin

-"red hormone"

-secreted by the kidney

-causes increase in RBCs from bone marrow

Platelets

-cell fragments

-plug leaks by sticking together to form a "plug"

-"little round/flat thing"

Fish

2 chambered heart, one loop circulatory system

Amphibians

3 chambered heart & two loop circulatory system

-2 atria, 1 ventricle

-lung loop- pulmonary circulation & blood loop systemic circulation

Reptiles

-3 chambered heart with addition of partial septum (wall) & 2 loop circulatory system

Mammals and Birds

-4 chambered heart & 2 loop circulatory system

Circulatory system

Aorta-->arteries (big)--> arterioles (smaller)-->capillaries (diffusion of O2) --> venules--> veins--> one-way valves--> lung loop/ body loop

-body loop = R->B

-lung loop= B->R

Heart

-auto-contracting

Sino Atrial Node

-sets the heart beat

-"pacemaker"

-"lub (atrium contraction), dub (ventricle contraction), pause (relaxation period)"

Serotonin

-hormone secreted by platelets

-a serum that causes constant contraction

Process of clotting

a. cringe=contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels

b. maintain the cringe= clamp down for hours or days

1. platelets secrete serotonin

c. plug leak via platelets which become sticky

1. flaw; can cause a blood clot= death

d. gauze pad forms over wound using fibrinogen-> fibrin polymerized to form gauze= clot

Fibrinogen

when fibrin is polymerized to form a "gauze"/ clot to cover a wound

Immune System

army which fights invaders= parasites= bacteria & viruses

HIV

-Human Immune Deficiency Virus

-Causes AIDS

-attacks helper "T" cells in the immune system

AIDS

-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

-Caused by HIV

Systole

contraction phase of the heart, normally at 120

Diastole

relaxation phase of the heart, normally at 80

Antigen

-key-> enemy

-molecules on the surface of an invader that look dangerous

Antibody

-lock->weapon

-protein (Y-shaped) on a lymphocyte that binds antigen

Lymphatic System

=~ circulatory system because it has lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Vessels

move/transport lymph back to the heart

Complement

pokes holes in bacteria

B-cells

multiply in the lymph nodes during infection

Vaccines & Booster Shots

inject you with a couple of proteins from the virus to increase your amount of memory cells to protect you when you contract the infection for real

Epiglottis

-above region of the wind pipe

-flap that covers the trachea

Bronchi

branches off of the trachea

Alveoli

sacs (dead end) where gas exchange occurs

-grape like spheres

-O2 in CO2 out

Medulla

-auto pilot for breathing

-controls your breathing rate at night

Respiratory System

Trachea ->Bronchi-> Bronchiole-> Alveoli