Study Guide: From Colonies to Nations

Vocabulary and key concepts from the 'Colonies to Nations' study guide, focusing on independence movements in India, Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

Partition

The act of dividing a single area of land into separate nations.

Intifada

An uprising or mass protests.

Infrastructure

The basic systems of a country, like roads, power, and schools.

Mujahideen

Muslim guerrilla fighters who fought against the soviet backed government.

Pan-Africanism

The belief that all African nations should be united work together as one.

Negritude Movement

Helping Africans take pride in their traditional cultures.

Indian Betrayal (Post-World War I)

The sense of betrayal felt by Indian people because many had been fighting for the British in the war.

Gandhi's Economic Strategies

To weaken British control by stopping financial support, which involved boycotting foreign goods and making items themselves.

Partition of $1947$

The division of India to separate Hindus and Muslims to prevent fighting, which resulted in riots and millions of deaths.

African Soldiers in World War II

Their experience in the war sparked a push for independence as they realized they were still being denied freedom in their own land.

Kwame Nkrumah

A pan-africanist and socialist leader from Ghana who led his country to independence using non-violent strikes, boycotts, and organized political pressure.

European Colonial Borders

Boundaries that led to ethnic conflict because they often lumped rival ethnic groups into one country or split friendly tribes into two.

Camp David Accords

Considered a historic breakthrough in Middle Eastern politics because it ended $30$ years of war between the two nations.

Mohandas Gandhi

A Nationalist and non-violent reformer from India who utilized Civil Disobedience and mass boycotts to challenge British rule.

Nelson Mandela

An anti-apartheid and human rights reformer from South Africa who used early sabotage followed by $27$ years of imprisonment and eventual peaceful reconciliation.

Golda Meir

A zionist and labor nationalist from Israel who used international diplomacy and strong military defense to protect her state.

Ahmad Shah Massoud

A revolutionary socialist from Algeria who believed that only guerrilla warfare and armed revolution could end French rule.

Infrastructure Crisis

A crisis for $15$ newly independent nations caused by the Soviet Union's demand for a command economy and the forcing of many new rules.

U.S. Aid to Mujahideen

Military aid and weapons provided by the United States during the Cold War to defeat the Soviet Union using their troops.

Taliban Initial Support

They were welcomed by the Afghan people because they ended local fighting and enforced law and order.