BIOLOGY 189 EXAM 2 Study guide

What does it mean for a carrier protein to be saturated?

saturated carrier proteins means all the binding that the protein can do is used * when all sides are bound up

What are the types of active transport? part 1

sodium potassium pump and cotransport mechanism

What are the types of active transport? part 2 explanation

Sodium Potassium Pump - process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane involving the hydrolysis of ATP to produce necessary ENERGY

What are the types of active transport? part 3 explanation

Co-transport Mechanism- 2 substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by 1 protein or complex protein with NO ATP activity

Describe the type of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated

Endocytosis: Phagocytosis

"cellular eating" - engulfs a particle in a vacuole

Endocytosis: Pinocytosis

"cellular drinking" - molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles

Endocytosis: Receptor- mediated

binding of ligands (any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site) to receptors triggers vesicle formation

how does receptor - mediated endocytosis differ from the other types of endocytosis?

It differs because it is more specific

Explain exocytosis

Exocytosis is the evacuator of substances out of the cell - transport vesicles migrate tot he membrane and fuse with it and release their contents

ex: secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products, pancreas uses exocytosis to secrete insulin

what are the biological roles of nucleic acids

nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides. the roles are storage, replication, recombination, transmission of genetic information

what are the two nucleic acids in the human body?

(DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid and (RNA) ribonucleic acid:

they enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

What is each nucleic acid's biological role?

DNA - stores information

RNA- carrier/messenger of information to protein

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? what are the components of these building blocks?

Building blocks of nucleic acids are polynucleotides and each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotide. a nucleotide is composed of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogen (nitrogenous base), one or more phosphate groups

what are the 4 types of nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA?

DNA = Cytosine and Thymine and Adenine and Guanine

RNA = Uracil and Thymine and Adenine and Guanine

What is the sugar found in DNA and in RNA?

DNA = deoxyribose

RNA = Ribose

What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA = 2 stands of double helix, sugar, thymine

RNA = single stranded, sugar, uracil

what is complementary base pairing and how does it work?

bases only bind to specific bases

C - G, A - T, RNA = A - U

copy DNA strand 5' GAATGCCGTTAC 3'

C - T AND G-A

3' AGGCATTACCGT 5'

5' GTAACGGCATTC 3'

What is transcription?

the process by which info of DNA is copied to a new molecule of mRNA. DNA stories it for reference

What is translation?

the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins mRNA produced by transcription from DNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce specific amino acid chain/polypeptide

What is the molecule and process (1-3)L Gene Expression

1: transcription DNA - synthesis of mRNA

2: mRNA: movement of mRNA into cytoplasm - translation

3: synthesis of protein through ribosomes and a polypeptide or amino acid is produced

Define: Purine

larger 6 membered fused to a 5 membered ring A & G

Define: Pyrimidine

has 1 six membered ring C&T

Define: Phosphodiester linkage

links sugar together in the backbone of DNA/RNA - bond between nucleotide

What are the biological roles of proteins? there are 7

Enzymes: speed up reaction

Defensive: antibodies recognize foreign substances

Hormonal Regulation: ex: insulin

Storage: amino acids

Structural: collagen movement

Transport: ex: hemoglobin

Motor proteins and contraction

What are the building blocks of proteins? what parts of these building blocks are the same? what part is different?

1. Amino Acids are the monomers (building blocks)

2. Same are the number (20) backbone, first carbon

3. Different = order they are in, side group - R group

Describe a polypeptide

more than 20 amino acids - A POLYMER/MANY AMINO ACIDS LINKED TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS

Describe protein primary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Linkage of amino acids in a chain to form peptides (nitrogen and carbon bonds).

Amino Acids = bond

Linear in shape

Describe protein secondary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Part: amino and carboxyl groups

bond: hydrogen bonds - amongst backbone

Shape: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Describe protein tertiary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

Amino acids R-groups reacting with each other.

Bond: hydrogen/ionic bonds - hydrophobic/hydrophilic, disulfide bridges

Shape: 3-D, R group

Describe protein quaternary structure. Part? Bond? Shape?

interactions of R groups of 2 or more different polypeptides bound together using all interaction/bonds giving a fibrous or globular shape. last stage of a protein being built. ex: hemoglobin

What conditions can affect protein structure?

Temperature, pH, contractions

Define R group

in proteins the side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino backbone. different with each amino acid

Define disulfide bridge

covalent bond, further reinforces the shape of a protein. forms where 2 cysteine monomers which have sulfhydryl groups are brought closer together by the folding of the protein

Define: Peptide linkage

when 2 amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other they become joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of another molecule

* the process yields a polypeptide, a polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Define: alpha helix

a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th AMINO ACID

Define: b pleated sheet

2 or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone

Describe each component of the cell theory

basic unit of life

all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells

the life process of metabolism and heredity occur, cell arise only by division of previously existing cells

put the following metric units in order from biggest to smallest (nm, M, mm, cm, um)

M, cm, mm, um, nm

approximately how big are eukaryotic cells? prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic - 10-100 um diameter

prokaryotic - 1 - 5 um diameter

what are the functions of the cell membrane>

enclose and protect cell

compartmentalization of biochemical activity

maintains structure

defines inside and outside of the organelles

intercellular interaction and respond to external signals **

selectively permeable **

what are the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

eukaryotic: cells with nuclear membrane,

cells with membrane bound organelles

complex organelles, has nucleus

Prokaryotic: no membrane bound organelles

no organized nucleus

no nuclear membrane

Picture: half plant and half animal cell

what organelles are through to have arisen from endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

what is the endosymbiosis theory?

eukaryotic cell = oxygen using prokaryotic cell - host cell + endosymbionet single organism - merged together = eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion

what are the differences between animal and plant cells?

cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosomes, main one is vaculoes

Prokaryote: cell membrane

function: protect the cell from surroundings

Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Prokaryote: Cytoplasm

function: divide and maintain shape

Structure: gel like - fluid substances

Prokaryote: ribosome

function: build proteins by translating messages from DNA

structure: picture

Prokaryote: nucleotide

function: DNA is concentrated in a region not membrane enclosed

Structure: picture

Prokaryote: flagellum

Function: locomotion organelles

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Nucleus

Function: Contain membrane bound nuclei, house DNA and direct synthesis of ribosomes and protein

Eukaryote: Nucleolus

Function: non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Nuclear Membrane (aka nuclear envelope)

function: encloses the nucleus separating from cytoplasm, 2x membrane each bilayer associated with proteins

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Nuclear Pore

function: large protein complexes cross the nuclear envelope

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: chromatin

Function: material consisting of DNA and proteins. visible in a dividing cell as individual

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Chromosome

function: carry the genetic information

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Endomembrane system

includes: nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, and cell membrane

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Endoplasmic reticulum rough

Function: protein production, protein folding, quality control

Structure: picture & rough because studded with ribosomes

Eukaryote: Endoplasmic reticulum smooth

Function: production and metabolism of fats and hormones

Structure: picture & smooth because it is not studded

Eukaryote: Golgi apparatus

function: organelle active in synthesis, modification sorting and secretion of cell products

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Golgi apparatus: Cisternae (Cis)

Function: composed of flattened membranous sacs - receiving side

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Golgi apparatus: Trans

function: transport vesicles leaving - shipping side

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: vesicles

function: more locations inside the cells - move proteins from Rough ER to Golgi

membrane bound and secreted proteins made on ribosomes and found in Rough ER

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Lysosome

Function: digestive compartment, hydrolyze protein fats, polysaccharide and nucleic acids - best in acid (stomach)

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: ribosomes: bound and free

Function: Particles made of rRNA proteins; in 2 locations

ribosome: carry out photosynthesis

Bound: outside of the ER of nuclear envelope

Free: cytosol

Structure: picture

Eukaryote: Mitochondrion

Cristae

Matrix

Function: organelle where cellular respiration occurs and ATP is generated

Cristae function: provide large surface area that synthesize ATP

Matrix function:contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules

Structure: picture

Chloroplast:

Thylakoid:

Stroma:

Function: found in plants and algae site of photosynthesis (light energy - chemical energy)

Function Thylakoid: membranous sacs stacked form granum

Function Stroma: the internal fluid of organelle

Structure: picture

Peroxisome

Function: Organelle with various specialized metabolic function's produces Hydrogen, peroxide as by products converts - h2o

Structure: picture

Vacuole:

contractile

Function: large vesicles derived from Golgi

Function Contractile: found in fresh water protest important in pumping excess water out of cells

Structure: picture

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Function: organize structure and activities,

function Microfilaments: support cell shape, muscle contraction, cell division and motility

function Intermediate filaments: cell shape, anchorage, formation of nuclear lamina of nucleus

Function Microtubules: cell shape, motility, movements

Structure: picture

Cell membrane

Function: selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substance in and out of cells, protect cell from its surroundings

Structure: picture

cell wall:

Plants

function: protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water

distinguishes plant from animal cell

Structure: picture

Flagellum and Cilium

function: motility structure present in some composed of cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane

basal body: anchors to cell

core of microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane 9+2 arrangement

dynein - motor protein drives bending movement of cilium and flagellum

Structure: picture

what are the types of filaments that makeup the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

microfilaments - inter mediate filaments

cilia and flagella

what are the different between the filaments?

microfilament - actin filament solid rods, twisted double chains of actin

subunits - work in the plasma membrane to support cell shape

intermediate filaments - fibrous proteins super coiled into thicker cable

protein subunits - one of several proteins depending on cell type

SIZE and STRUCTURE

What is the function of flagella and cilia

used for propulsion or to move fluid over a stationary cell motor protein - dynein - drives the bending movements of the cilium or flagellum

what is the internal structure of flagella/cilia in a eukaryote?

share common structure - core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane (9+2 arrangement)

9 pairs of fused microtubules = doublets

2 unfused microtubules

basal body - anchors them tot he cell

motor protein - dynein

How do animal cells stay together?

1. desosomes - anchor

2. tight junctions - keep fluid from going through

List and describe the types of cell junctions between animal cells. part 1 = list

Plasmodesmata (plants)

tight junction

gap junction

desosomes (anchoring junction)

List and describe the types of cell junctions between animal cells. part 2 = description

Plasmodesmata (plants) - membrane lined channels between adjacent cell walls filled with cytoplasm

tight junctions - important for pressing cells together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

Gap junctions (communicating) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells allowing substances to pass

Desosomes (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets - interaction with intermediate filaments

What factors affect the rate of diffusion of a substance?

Temperature - heat is easier

size - larger vs. smaller

gradient concentration

explain simple diffusion

the process where a substance passes through the membrane without the aid of an intermediary (aka integral membrane protein)

ex: oxygen, carbon, most lipids enter and leave cells by simple diffusion

explain osmosis

osmosis is the diffusion of water across the membrane with the assistance of proteins from a high concentration to a low concentration

trying to create and equal environment