Energy and Waves Study Set

write a definition for energy. ⃝ list the different types of energy and classify them as either kinetic energy and potential energy. ⃝ distinguish between energy being transferred and energy being transformed and provide examples of each. ⃝ describe how energy is transferred and transformed using a flow diagram ⃝ state the Law of Conservation of Energy. ⃝ identify useful and wasted energy outputs in different systems. ⃝ write a definition for energy efficiency, useful output energy and waste energy. ⃝ correctly calculate the efficiency of a device from given data using the efficiency formula. ⃝ draw and interpret simple Sankey diagrams by comparing arrow sizes. ⃝ explain why magnets attract and repel each other. ⃝ explain how the earth acts like a giant bar magnet. ⃝ compare and contrast temporary magnets with permanent magnets. ⃝ draw the arrangement of magnetic field lines with arrow heads around a bar magnet. ⃝ explain how electromagnetism is produced. ⃝ explain how an electromagnet is made and how it works and 3 ways to increase its strength. ⃝ describe the advantages of using an electromagnet over a permanent magnet and explain the role of electromagnets in simple electronic devices. ⃝ write a definition for electromagnetic induction ⃝ explain the function of turbines in the generation of electricity. ⃝ distinguish between temperature, thermal energy and heat. ⃝ explain heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. ⃝ use the particle model to explain conduction and convection and the wave model to explain radiation. ⃝ list forms of energy transfer that require a medium to travel through (conduction & convection, sound, electricity) those that do not (radiation and light). ⃝ distinguish between mechanical (sound) and electromagnetic (light) waves. ⃝ compare transverse (light) and longitudinal waves (sound). ⃝ define sound energy and explain that it is produced by the vibration of particles. Name:__________________________________________ ⃝ describe a longitudinal wave using the terms compression and rarefaction and label the compressions and rarefactions in these waves. ⃝ identify different parts of a longitudinal wave, including the wavelength, amplitude, trough and crest. ⃝ predict how changing vibrations affects pitch or loudness. ⃝ list the different types of electromagnetic radiation. ⃝ understand that light is a form of energy that travels as a transverse wave. ⃝ identify different parts of a transverse wave, including crests, troughs, wavelength, and amplitude. ⃝ explain that particles move perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer in a transverse wave.

Energy

The capacity to do work or produce change; it can be classified as either kinetic or potential.

Energy Transfer

The movement of energy from one object or system to another without changing its form.

Energy Transformation

The process where energy changes from one form (e.g., chemical) into another form (e.g., kinetic).

Law of Conservation of Energy

A fundamental principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

Energy Efficiency

The ratio of useful output energy to the total input energy, calculated using the formula: $\text{Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Useful Energy Output}}{\text{Total Energy Input}} \times 100\%$.

Sankey Diagram

A visual representation of energy flow through a system where the width of the arrows is proportional to the amount of energy (useful vs. wasted).

Permanent Magnet

An object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field.

Temporary Magnet

A material that acts like a permanent magnet when in the presence of a magnetic field but loses its magnetism when the field is removed.

Electromagnetism

The production of a magnetic field by passing an electric current through a conductor.

Electromagnet Strength Factors

The strength can be increased by: 1) increasing the electric current, 2) increasing the number of turns in the coil, or 3) adding a soft iron core.

Electromagnetic Induction

The process of generating an electric current by moving a conductor through a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field around a conductor.

Turbine

A machine component in electricity generation that is spun by a medium (water, steam, or air) to drive a generator.

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Thermal Energy

The total internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules.

Heat

The transfer of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through a material by direct contact between particles; it requires a medium to travel.

Convection

The transfer of heat in liquids or gases (fluids) caused by the movement of the heated particles themselves; it requires a medium.

Radiation

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves; it does not require a medium to travel through.

Mechanical Wave

A wave, such as sound, that requires a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel through.

Electromagnetic Wave

A wave, such as light, that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and does not require a medium to travel.

Transverse Wave

A wave where particles move perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer; light is an example.

Longitudinal Wave

A wave where particles move parallel to the direction of energy transfer, consisting of compressions and rarefactions; sound is an example.

Sound Energy

A form of energy produced by the vibration of particles.

Compression

A region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together.

Rarefaction

A region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart.

Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive corresponding parts of a wave, such as from crest to crest or compression to compression.

Amplitude

The maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.

Crest

The highest point of a transverse wave.

Trough

The lowest point of a transverse wave.

Pitch

The perception of the frequency of a sound wave; higher frequency vibrations result in a higher pitch.

Loudness

The perception of the intensity of a sound wave, which is determined by the amplitude of the vibrations.