Social Science Exam

Anthro, Psych, Socio

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist and biologist known for his contributions to the science of evolution, particularly his theory of natural selection.

Franz Boas

Often referred to as the 'Father of American Anthropology,' known for his work in cultural relativism and historical particularism.

Jane Goodall

Primatologist and anthropologist known for her groundbreaking studies of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees.

Louis Leakey

A Kenyan paleoanthropologist who was instrumental in the study of human origins, known for his discoveries in Olduvai Gorge.

Margaret Mead

Cultural anthropologist known for her studies of the cultures and social practices of the South Pacific and her work on gender roles.

Marvin Harris

Anthropologist known for developing the theory of cultural materialism, which focuses on the material aspects of culture.

Mary Douglas Leakey

A paleoanthropologist who made significant discoveries in East Africa that contributed to the understanding of human evolution.

Noam Chomsky

Linguist and cognitive scientist known for his theory of universal grammar, which posits an innate human ability to acquire language.

Sherry Ortner

Anthropologist known for her work on symbolic anthropology and gender studies.

Sir Flinders Petrie

Archaeologist known for his innovative techniques in stratigraphy and the dating of ancient Egyptian artifacts.

Thomas Dale Stewart

An American physical anthropologist known for his research in bioarchaeology and human osteology.

Thomas Dwight

An American anatomist known for his work in physical anthropology and contributions to understanding human skeletal remains.

Anthropological research methods (types)

Various techniques used in anthropology to gather data, including participant observation, interviews, surveys, and archival research.

Archaeology

The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts.

Cultural anthropology

The branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.

Cultural norms

The shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups.

Cultural relativism

The principle of viewing a culture by its own standards rather than judging it by the standards of another culture.

Cultural materialism

A theoretical framework that considers material conditions, such as economic and environmental factors, as primary in shaping culture.

Decolonizing research methods

Approaches that seek to address and rectify the effects of colonialism in research practices.

Ethnography

A qualitative research method aimed at understanding the social practices and cultural phenomena of a particular group.

Hominin

A group that includes modern humans, extinct human species, and all our immediate ancestors.

Homo sapiens

The species to which all modern human beings belong.

Human variation/genetics

The study of the genetic differences and the biological diversity among human populations.

Feminist anthropology

A subfield of anthropology that explores gender roles and the ways in which societies construct and enforce gender norms.

Forensic anthropology

The application of anthropology in a legal context, often involving the identification of human remains.

Nonliterate

Referring to societies that do not use written language.

Oral history

The collection and study of historical information using audio recordings of personal testimony.

Paleoanthropology

The study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species through the examination of fossils.

Physical anthropology

The branch of anthropology that studies the physical (biological) aspects of humans and human relatives.

Primatology

The study of nonhuman primates, including behavior, biology, and evolution.

Rites of passage

Ceremonial events that mark important transitions in a person's life, such as birth, adulthood, and marriage.

Scientific racism

The use of scientific or pseudoscientific claims to support or justify racial discrimination.

Sequence dating method

A dating technique that arranges artifacts chronologically based on the order of their creation.

The social science inquiry model

A systematic process used in social sciences to gather, analyze, and interpret data.

Universal grammar

The theory that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans and common across all languages.

Psychology

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

Mary Ainsworth

Developmental psychologist known for her work on attachment theory.

Carl Rogers

Psychologist and one of the founders of humanistic psychology, known for client-centered therapy.

Abraham Maslow

Psychologist best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health.

Albert Bandura

Psychologist known for his social learning theory and the concept of self-efficacy.

Sigmund Freud

A neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology.

B. F. Skinner

Psychologist known for his work in behaviorism and the development of operant conditioning.

Carl Jung

Psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theories of the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Carol Gilligan

Psychologist known for her work in ethics of care and gender studies.

Erik Erikson

Developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development across the lifespan.

Ivan Pavlov

Physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning.

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Archetypes

In Jungian psychology, universal symbols that tap into the collective unconscious.

Asch Conformity Experiment

A study that demonstrated the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform.

Behavioural psychology

The study of observable behaviors and the ways they're learned.

Bobo doll experiment

A study by Bandura demonstrating the effects of observational learning and imitation.

Client-centred therapy

A form of psychotherapy developed by Rogers focusing on the individual's perception of the world.

Collective unconscious

A term coined by Jung to describe the part of the unconscious mind shared among all humans.

Cognitive psychology

The branch of psychology that studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and learning.

Defence mechanisms

Psychological strategies unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.

Developmental psychology

The branch of psychology that studies the psychological growth of individuals.

Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.

Ethics of care

A feminist perspective in ethics that emphasizes interpersonal relationships and the moral significance of care.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory that human needs are organized in a hierarchy from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Id

The part of the mind in psychoanalytic theory that is the source of instinctive impulses and demands immediate gratification.

Milgram Experiment

A psychological study on obedience that showed how far people would go to obey authority figures.

Operant conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Psyche

The human soul, mind, or spirit.

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

Sensorimotor

The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, where infants experience the world through their senses.

Superego

The part of the mind that reflects the internalization of cultural rules and provides moral standards.

Social cognitive theory

Bandura's theory emphasizing the role of observational learning and social experience in development.

Stanford Prison Experiment

A landmark psychological study by Zimbardo that examined the effects of situational variables on human behavior.

Strange Situation Procedure

A structured observational study used to assess attachment styles in infants.

Theory of Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory outlining how children's thinking evolves in stages as they actively construct their understanding of the world.

Theory of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory proposing eight stages that span a person's lifetime, each stage presenting a crisis to be resolved.

Sociology: Thinkers

Influential figures in the development of sociological theory.

Pierre Bourdieu

Sociologist known for his concepts of cultural capital and habitus.

C. Wright Mills

Sociologist known for his critiques of sociological research and his concept of the sociological imagination.

Dorothy Smith

Sociologist known for her feminist perspective on social life and her development of institutional ethnography.

Émile Durkheim

Founding figure of sociology known for his study of social facts and collective consciousness.

George Herbert Mead

Philosopher and sociologist associated with symbolic interactionism.

Harriet Martineau

Early sociologist known for her feminist perspective and systematic data collection.

Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist known for his theories on capitalism, class struggle, and social change.

Max Weber

Sociologist known for his analysis of modern society through the lens of rationalization and bureaucracy.

Authority (traditional, charismatic, rational-legal)

Weber's three types of legitimate authority, which include traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority.

Conflict theory

A sociological perspective that views conflict between groups as the driving force behind social change.

Cultural capital

The non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means.

Double-consciousness

A concept by W.E.B. Du Bois referring to the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.

Habitus

Bourdieu's concept referring to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that individuals acquire through their life experiences.

How to Observe Morals and Manners

A work by Martineau that discusses the importance of observing social norms and values.

Institutions

Complex social structures that meet human needs and are sustained through repeated social practices.

Marginalization

The social process of being excluded from mainstream society and its benefits.

Pragmatism

A philosophical approach that evaluates theories or beliefs based on their practical applications and outcomes.

Prejudice

Preconceived opinion or judgment about a person or group that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Rationalization

The process of replacing traditional and emotional thought with a more logical and reasoned framework.

Social norms

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Socialization

The lifelong process through which individuals learn and adopt the values, norms, and behaviors of their culture.

Sociology of knowledge

The study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises.

Symbolic interactionism

A sociological perspective focusing on the meanings that arise from social interactions.

The looking-glass self

Cooley's concept that our self-concept is shaped by how we believe others perceive us.

The sociological imagination

Mills' concept emphasizing the connections between individual experiences and larger social forces.