Psych 101 Exam: #1

This flashcard set focuses heavily on the topics of Features of Early and Modern Psychology, and Sensation, Perception & Consciousness. This set also focuses observational learning and conditioning. This flashcard set is associated with Dr. B lectures at GVSU.

What are the fundamental difference between a functionalist and a structuralist?

A functionalist believes that a structuralist missed the real nature of the human mind because they believed that thoughts are connected like a stream. While the structuralist broke the mind into basic elements.

What do humanitarianisms focus on?

Focus on people, and the idea that we can grow and live a life of freedom, that we are more than just a conditioned response.

Which area of psychology present in early history focused on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, desires, and emotions are shaped by our unconsciousness?

Psychoanyalist

Experiments with a controlled stimuli were often associated with what area of psychology in early history?

Behavioral

Behaviorist often focused on …

All of the Above

James-Lange theory of emotion was a result of what area in psychology?

Functionlism

What is James-Lange theory of emotion?

That emotions are the off psychological response.

What option below matches the prominent psychologist with the correct area?

Sigmeun Freud - Psychoanylist,

William Wundt - Structalist,

William James - Functionlist,

B. F Skinner - Behaviorist,

What option below matches the prominent psychologist with the correct area?

Carl Rogers - Humanist,

John Watson - Behaviorist,

Edward Tinchner - Structuralist

Abraham Moslow - Humanist

Who is Mary Calkins and why is she important in the field of psych?

She was the first woman president of the APA, and she pioneered a lot of research on memory and self.

Who is the father of Black psych and earned the first PhD in psychology as an African American?

Francis Ceil Sumner

Who co- founded the psychology department at Howard University?

Francis Ceil Sumner

Which two individuals were famous for the “Doll Studies”?

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark

What was significant about the “Doll Studies”?

The research was cited in the Brown vs. Board of Education court case and showed how psychology can influence social justice.

What are the six major areas in psychology?

1- Clinical 2- Applied 3- Evloutionary 4- Social 5- Postive 6- Cognitive

Anna is struggling with a lot of mental health issues and is seeking treatment. What area of psychology will she turn to get help?

Clinical Psychology

A factory HR team is trying to figure out how to encourage a better work environment through psychology. What area of psychology does this represent?

Applied Psychology

Scientists are studying how the mind has evolved overtime with an emphasis on survival and reproduction. What area of modern psychology would this fit into?

Evolotionary

Psychologists are conducting a study on stereotypes and interactions between people. What area of modern psychology would they fit into?

Social

A lot of movies, TV shows, and books occasionally explore the idea of what makes life worth living, which is usually followed by the question, “What is the purpose of life”?

With the information above, what area of modern psychology explores the question above?

Postive

A group of young teenagers is pondering the following questions:

“How do we remember faces?”

“Why do I always forget other people’s names?”

These question best fit into what area of modern psychology?

Cogntive

What does cognitive psychology focus on?

Studying the mind as an information processor

Instead of guessing if multitasking hurts learning, psychologists run controlled experiments. This would be an example of what value in psychology?

Psychology is empirical

We can explain things differently, and things can be studied in so many ways. There is not a perfect way. With that said, what value of psychology is this referring to?

Psychology is theoretically Diverse

WWII spurred research on obedience and prejudice; modern tech drives research on social media. This would be an example of what value in psychology?

Psychology evolves through social historical context

Human behavior is complex and rarely has a single explanation, this describes what value in psychology?

Behavior is determined by multiple causes

Eye contact (for example) is respectful in some cultures, and rude in others. This would be an example of what value in psychology?

Behavior Is Shaped by Cultural Heritage

Both genes (nature) and experience (nurture) shape who we are. This is the definition for __________ area in psychology?

Heredity and Environment Influence Behavior

Two people at the same party may have totally different experiences: one fun, one stressful. This is an example of what value in psychology?

People’s Experience of the World Is Subjective

Imagine you are walking outside when light rays reflect off a dog and enter your eye. According to the provided video transcript on how the visual system works, which sequence correctly traces the pathway of light through the eye's outer structures before reaching the retina?

corena, pupil, lens

A student is distinguishing between fundamental psychological concepts during study sessions. Which statement correctly differentiates sensation, perception, and consciousness based on the provided materials?

Sensation involves raw sensory input, perception constructs meaning, and consciousness is overall awarness.

During a visual perception task, a participant is shown an ambiguous drawing that alternates between two distinct images. How does this phenomenon of reversible figures help psychologists understand sensory interpretation?

It demonstrates perceptual ambiguity by showing how identical sensory input can yield different interpretations.

A reader is able to recognize a complete word before recognizing the individual letters that make it up. Which concept best explains this occurrence according to the provided material for the class?

Top-down processing driven by perceptual elements

A viewer focusing intently on counting basketball passes fails to notice a person in a gorilla suit walking across the court. Which concept and mechanism are directly illustrated by this observation?

lnattentional blindness reflecting selective attention

William James proposed a famous metaphor to describe the nature of human conscious experience. How did he characterize consciousness in his work?

As a contionus stream that shifts with changing attention

A student is categorizing different daily experiences based on levels of consciousness. Which pairing correctly matches the experience to its corresponding state of consciousness as defined in the provided material?

Studying for an exam is a controlled process

Researchers evaluating whether an entity possesses consciousness look for specific cognitive and behavioral indicators. Which set of traits represents valid evidence of consciousness according to the lecture?

Metacognition, goal-directed behavior, and self-awareness

In the retina, specialized photoreceptor cells transduce light into neural impulses. How do rods and cones differ within the retina, specifically regarding location and function?

Cones process color and are concentrated at the fovea

A scientist notes that internal thoughts, feelings, and sensations cannot be observed directly by an external examiner. What property of consciousness does this observation illustrate?

Consciousness is strictly private to the individual

A researcher wants to categorize three distinct learning experiments. In Experiment A, a rat learns to press a lever to receive food pellets. In Experiment B, a child learns to tie their shoes after watching an instructional video. In Experiment C, a dog begins salivating at the sound of a bell after it was repeatedly paired with meat powder.

What categories do these 3 distinct learning experiments fit into?

Experiment A is Operant Conditioning, Experiment B is Observational Learning, and Experiment C is Classical Conditioning.

In John Watson's famous study with Little Albert, the child initially showed no fear of a white rabbit or rat. Watson then struck a steel bar to make a loud, frightening noise every time the animal was presented, causing Albert to cry. Eventually, Albert cried at the mere sight of the animal without any noise.

In this specific learning context, what was the loud, scary noise, and what was Albert's eventual fear of the animal alone?

Loud noise = Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS); Fear of animal alone = Conditioned Response (CR)

Edward Thorndike placed hungry cats inside puzzle boxes where they had to pull a lever to escape and reach food. Initially, the cats performed random movements, but over successive trials, they pressed the lever much faster because the action yielded a satisfying outcome.

Which psychologist built upon Thorndike's Law of Effect using a controlled chamber to study voluntary behavior consequences, and what is the core rule governing these consequences?

B.F. Skinner; Reinforcement increases a behavior, while punishment decreases a behavior.

A high school basketball coach is attempting to improve her team's free-throw technique using operant conditioning principles. To increase proper shooting form, she awards the team 5 minutes of free play every time they complete 10 perfect shots in a row. To decrease lazy defensive footwork, she makes them run extra laps whenever they commit a deliberate foul.

How should these two strategies be classified?

Awarding free play is Positive Reinforcement; assigning extra laps is Positive Punishment.

A young child watches a video of an older sibling successfully performing a complex dance routine. According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory and the core processes demonstrated in his famous Bobo Doll Experiment, the child must go through specific stages to learn and execute this behavior.

Which option correctly lists Bandura's four core processes of observational learning in order, and identifies the takeaway of the Bobo Doll Experiment?

Attention, Memory (Retention), Replicating Behavior (Motor Reproduction), Motivation; children imitate observed behavior without needing direct reinforcement.

A student hears a specific ringtone on their phone and instantly feels a surge of anxiety because that ringtone was used by a strict former supervisor. Later, the same student watches a classmate successfully troubleshoot a software glitch and then performs the exact same steps to fix their own computer.

Which pair of concepts directly accounts for the student's anxiety to the ringtone and their ability to fix the computer?

Ringtone anxiety = Classical Conditioning; Fixing the computer = Observational Learning

What is the main difference between operate and classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning focuses more on a automatic or natural response while operate conditioning focuses more on voluntary behavior.

What are the three parts of the brain?

1 - Brain Stem and the cerebellum

2- Limbic System

3- Cerbal Cortex

What are reinforcement schdules?

Rules that determine when behavior gets rewarded/punished

What are the four reinforcement schedules?

Fixed, Ratio, Interval, and variable